Political Science 468
Comparative Foreign Policy
Summer 2009
Bill Newmann
Office
Hours: This is an online course, so there
will be no office hours. However, e-mail
as often as you like.
Phone:
828-8038
e-mail: wnewmann@vcu.edu
home page
with links to other syllabi. If you are
a blackboard use and encounter problems, you can also access this syllabus
through my home page: http://www.people.vcu.edu/~wnewmann/index.htm
Introduction:
This course is an on line course. All papers will be submitted through
e-mail. All papers will be returned with
comments through e-mail as well. There will be no class meetings. A full schedule of the class assignments and
expectations is included in this syllabus.
This course is an examination of theoretical and
policy-related aspects of foreign policy.
All readings and all papers explore one simple, but difficult to answer
question: Why do states behave they way they do in the international arena? As
you read the assigned books and write your papers keep that question in
mind. Scholars of international
relations and foreign policy have been trying to answer that question for
decades. Now it’s you turn. Linked to the syllabus is a short essay on theories of
international relations and foreign policy. Read this before you read anything else
(unless of course you’ve already started reading). This is a good preliminary introduction that
will be a useful reference for you as you read and write. Please read this or you may find yourself
lost. In the past this course has been
taught by examining several nations’ foreign policies. This semester, however, the course will be a
more theoretical examination of what is the root explanation for states’
foreign policies.
This is a writing intensive class. You will read five books and write five
papers. Each paper is worth 20% of the grade. You will have an opportunity to
rewrite one paper to get a better grade; the new grade will replace the old
one, but it will not remove a late penalty.
That rewrite can be turned in at any time during the two weeks of the
class, but must be turned in by the last day of the semester,
Your initial papers may be rocky, but I am looking for
your effort and indications that you are learning. Early difficulty will be
overshadowed by the quality of your papers at the end of the course. Your grade
will reflect the improvement. In other words, put the grade aspect aside for
the moment and learn. If you learn something, you will ultimately be happy with
your grades. What you have learned and your level of effort will be reflected
in your final grade. So, don’t be
discouraged if your early grades aren’t what you had hoped.
Requirements
Each paper must be five full pages in length, at
minimum (so four pages and one sentence is not the same as five pages); more than
five full pages is no problem (I’ll read as much as you want to write; if you
are very interested in a subject and want to play around with the ideas for
more than five pages, then I am very happy; enjoy yourself and I will enjoy
your enthusiasm and ideas). Five full
pages is right on target; fewer than five full pages
would lead to a significant point deduction. Each paper is worth 20% of the grade
Texts
The following books are available at the Virginia
Book Company (Franklin and
·
Stephen M. Walt. The Origins of Alliances. (Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press, 1987) (0-8014-9418-4)
·
G. John
Ikenberry. After Victory: Institutions,
Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of World Order After Major Wars (
·
Thomas
Christensen. Useful Adversaries: Grand
Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) (0-691-02637-8)
·
Deborah Welch
Larson. Anatomy of Mistrust: US-Soviet
Relations During the Cold War. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)
(0-8014-8682-3)
·
Thomas U. Berger.
Cultures of Antimilitarism
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) (0-8018-7238-3)
The
Papers
I
base the grade on several things:
1.
Introductory
paragraph
2.
Organization of
the paper
3.
Command of the theoretical
material
4.
Command of the
supporting evidence the author introduces
5.
Analysis of the
author’s argument
In
your paper, please do not simply summarize the book. Your paper should be 40% summary and 60% your
ideas – critical comments on the author’s ideas and argument. When I say
critical, I don’t mean that you have to disagree with the author. I mean that you should assess the author’s
argument in terms of:
1.
theoretical consistency (are there big contradictions in the author’s argument?)
2.
theoretical logic (does the theoretical argument make sense to
you?),
3.
supporting evidence (does the author’s evidence support the
theory?)
4.
accuracy (does the author’s argument seem realistic given what
you know about the world. If so,
why? If not, why not?)
Be
creative. If you want to redesign the
author’s theories, go ahead. What a re
your ideas on the subject? What is the
author missing? Where does the argument
miss the point? What are the logical
conclusions of the author’s arguments and your ideas?
Revision You will be required to rewrite one of your papers
based on the comments I make on it after I have graded it. This is a
requirement, but it is also an opportunity. If you are unhappy with a grade,
you get the chance to fix a paper. Any one of the papers can be chosen for a
rewrite except the last paper. I will
replace the grade for the paper you rewrite.
Use my comments on the paper to fix the papers you rewrite. Please leave my comments on the paper when
you submit the rewrite.
You
will have roughly ten days to read each book and write each paper.
Some
key points about the papers:
On
Writing a Good Analytical Paper
For
example, someone might say "
The
introduction of your paper (Important!!!)
Make sure that the reader of
your paper knows: (1) what is your theme or argument; (2) how you are going to
go about supporting that theme or argument -- all within the first couple of
paragraphs of the paper. In other words, these first paragraphs or first
paragraph should provide your reader with a "road map" that explains
exactly what you will say during the paper. This is not as difficult as it
sounds. Basically, what you need to do is write the outline you have for your
paper in complete sentences in the first few paragraphs of the paper.
Your opening paragraph (or
couple of opening paragraphs) should also give the reader some reason to be
interested in your topic and in your argument. Tell the reader why this subject
is important. Here is an example of an opening paragraph. I’ve used an example
that will not overlap with your papers
The growing threat from
al-Qaeda may be the major challenge for
So,
this paragraph tells me what you think, summarizes why you think that is true,
and tells me why I should care. The paper might then proceed to give a meatier
introduction with a bit of history. The bulk of the paper will give detail on
the support for the argument. The three arguments given in that opening
paragraph provide the organization; a concluding section might once again
summarize the main argument, and perhaps speculate a bit on the implications of
the argument.
You can use lots of topic
headings and subheadings to correspond to the points on your "road map"
-- they'll help you organize your thoughts, and they'll help your reader
clearly identify where he is on the "road map." The above paper might
have five main sections:
As you make the points that
support your argument, you'll probably be aware of the places in which your
argument is controversial or in which a reasonable person might disagree with
you. Preempt those controversies in your text. Point out what those opposing
arguments might be, and why you think your point of view is more accurate or
reasonable. Going back to the above example, a good paper would point out that
some people think that al-Qaeda is not that big a threat and US actions that
treat al-Qaeda as a global threat enhance its power and reputation; explain why
those people think that's the case, and show why the you think they're wrong.
Here’s
an example that’s a bit more relevant to what you will be doing in your paper
that gives a sample intro paragraph for a paper on Fareed
Zakaria’s book From
Wealth to Power.
In From Wealth to Power Fareed
Zakaria examines what causes wealthy nations to
become “great powers” with large militaries and global foreign policy
ambitions. Historically, some nations
translate their wealth into power, while others do not. The reasons why nations make this transition
is crucial – in almost all historical cases in which wealthy nations become
militarily powerful the result is international conflict and/or war. Though most analysts say that the transition
from wealth to power and ambition is inevitable, Zakaria
argues that the key ingredient in a nation’s rise to global power lies within
the domestic political system. When a
nation’s government becomes strong, ready to use the nation’s resources for
political ends at home, it also becomes ready to harness the nation’s resources
to achieve political goals abroad. His
case study of the lag between
Then
in your paper you will outline Zakaria’s argument,
your addition to his theory, and your evidence to explain you modifications of
his ideas.
Some stylistic issues
Plagiarism
The VCU honor system covers plagiarism.
It is not a fine line. Either ideas are yours, or they are not. But just
because someone else has already written an idea that you agree with 100%
doesn't mean you can't discuss it in your paper. Just point out whose idea it
is; paraphrase it in your own words, cite the source of the idea, and expand
upon it. Generally, that is how Political Science works. 90% of all Political
Science articles and books do the following:
There are various
analyses of al-Qaeda’s power. Stan says al-Qaeda is a nuisance, but has no real
ability to achieve any of its regional and global goals. (Stan 2004). Kyle, disagrees, arguing that al-Qaeda can use its passive
support to instigate the overthrow of many governments in the
The
article would then outline the theories of Stan, Kyle and Cartman,
analyze each one, and then develop the fourth theory. There is no problem as
long as Stan, Kyle, and Cartman get credited with
developing their theories, and the fourth theory is new. If the fourth theory
belongs to a fourth author (Kenny? Timmy?), the reader must be told that the
fourth theory is Kenny's or Timmy’s and your article will show why his theory
is superior to the other three.
I will catch any
plagiarism. It takes me less than ten
seconds to take any sentence from your paper and cut and paste it into a google search engine.
If you have taken the paper from a document on the web, google will identify the source in under a second. I know none of you would ever try this, so
tell your friends.
Have you read the VCU Honor
Code sections on plagiarism? http://www.vcu.edu/provost/univ_policies/honor.htm
My Comments
I
will try to mark up your papers pretty heavily in this regard, but the grade
will reflect more of the substance. But
this is a writing intensive class, so expect to work on the writing style. Even if your first papers are a bit ragged,
your last papers will be sharply analytical and organizationally elegant.
You
might think to yourself. I’ll never keep
up. I’ll never be able to read and write
all this in such a short time. Here are
a couple tips. A good non-fiction author
(and I think I’ve picked good authors) has a definite structure to his/her
book. There is a theory chapter that
explains the purpose of the book, the theory being examined, the questions
being asked, the answers being tested, and a summary of the evidence. In a good book, you should know what’s in the
entire book from reading the first chapter.
The rest of the book is filled with case studies that prove the
point. Then there is a concluding
chapter which re-summarizes the case studies and addresses some of the
theoretical issues raised in the introductory chapter. So the question is this: how do I read a book
like that. Read the introduction and the
concluding chapters carefully. Read the
introductions and conclusions of each case study chapter carefully. Read at least one case study chapters very
carefully. For the other case studies,
skim the chapters, picking and choosing sections to read carefully and sections
to read more lightly. Feel free to read
the whole thing carefully, if you want, of course. Only you know how much time you have and how
fast you read. But you don’t have to
highlight every line in every book. I’ll
let you know if you’re not getting enough depth. After reading the book, you should be able to
tell me, with a significant amount of depth what is in the introductory and
concluding chapters. You should also
understand how the theories apply to each case study, but, you don’t need to
know the small details of every case study.
I
will get your papers back to you as soon as I can. I will try to get them back before the next
paper is due, so that you can use my comments to improve your next paper.
Last points
Class Schedule
This
is a tight schedule. Don’t fall behind
because you may not be able to catch up.
Before
you read anything else, read the small essay called “A Brief
Introduction to Theories of International Political Economy” linked to
the syllabus above.
May
18: Begin reading Walt
May
29: Walt paper due at
May
30: Begin reading Ikenberry
June
8: Ikenberry paper due at
June
9: Begin reading Christensen
June
18: Christensen paper due at
June
19: Begin reading Larson
June
29: Larson paper due at
June
30: Begin reading Berger
July
12:
·
Berger paper
due
·
Rewrite due
(although you can turn this in at any earlier time if you choose)