Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness 301 (POLI 367/CRJS 367)

Terrorism

Spring 2008

Bill Newmann

Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 1-2:30 and by appointment; Scherer Hall 301B.

Phone: Office: 828-8038

e-mail: wnewmann@mail1.vcu.edu

Newmann's home page: http://www.people.vcu.edu/~wnewmann/index.htm with links to other Newmann syllabi and the International and Area Studies Program description.  

 

Introduction

September 11, 2001 was a day that transformed the world. We measure time and our lives these days as a before and after reference to September 11. We know where we were when we first heard about the attacks, where we were when we saw the Trade Centers collapse or the smoke rising from the Pentagon, and who we were with as we tried to comprehend the incomprehensible. Just like December 7, 1941 before, September 11 was the first day of a new era.

We will start from the basics. What is terrorism? How long has it been with us? Why do people become terrorists? The answers may be a bit surprising. Watching the American media deal with the attacks has only clouded the issue. Too many people have decided that they are experts in international relations and terrorism because they saw the Trade Centers fall. Terrorism has a long history going back at least to Jewish resistance against Roman occupation of the Middle East. Terrorism is not new. The broadest definition is still the most accurate: the use of dramatic acts of violence against non-combatants to further a political cause. The violence may be aimed at an enemy’s military forces while they are not engaged in active operations, government facilities, or as in September 11, symbols of the enemy’s power. The direct targeting of non-combatants/average citizens is often a purposeful strategy. The goal is to cause pain and fear in a nation’s public in hope that the public will urge a government to change its policies. The dynamic is simple – inflict pain and wait for the enemy to turn and run, twist an arm until someone cries "Uncle."

Once we have tried to define terrorism, we will examine its long history.  Then we will look at a number of key issues:

·        State-sponsored terrorism (Iran, Taliban-era Afghanistan) and non-state actors (PLO, HAMAS).

·        Al-Qaeda’s strategy, organization, and recruitment policies

·        The misconceptions regarding the relationship between Islam and terrorism. Islam is a peaceful religion; terrorist organizations have political motives and pervert the meaning of Islam to justify their violence and gather recruits from a candidate pool of the poor, the criminal, the ignorant, and the lost.

·        The relationship between poverty, authoritarian governments and terrorism

·        The relationship between religion and terrorism

·        Domestic terrorism in the US

·        Terrorist use of the internet

·        Counterterrorism policies

·        The nightmare scenarios of biological, chemical, nuclear, and ballistic missile attacks.

 

 

Of course, the war on terrorism is not only an academic subject. We will be discussing current events as they happen. So stay on top of the situation. Read The New York Times or Washington Post for the best coverage on a day by day basis and check out all the websites I have listed below to learn more.

 

 

Links that may be of interest

Links to sources on Terrorism and Homeland Security

Links to sources on Biological and Chemical weapons

Links to sources on nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, and missile defense

 

 

 

Texts:

You need to read them; you don't need to buy them. The books are available at the Virginia Book Company on Shafer Street at the VCU Bookstore. If anyone has problems getting access to the texts, for any reason, let me know as soon as possible so you don't get too far behind in the reading. Some as indicated are or reserve at Cabell Library reserves area, room 301.

·        Bruce Hoffman. Inside Terrorism. (New York: Columbia University Press, revised and expanded edition, 2006). On reserve in Cabell Library (new edition on reserve: HV 6431 .H626 2006)

·        Jason Burke. Al-Qaeda. (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004). On reserve: HV6431 .B862 2003.

·        Jessica Stern. Terror in the Name of God. (New York: Harper Collins, 2003). On reserve in Cabell Library: BL65 .T47 S74 2003.

·        Gabriel Weimann. Terror on the Internet (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace press, 2006). Not on reserve

·        Yonah Alexander, ed. Counterterrorism Strategies (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006)  Not on reserve

 

If you have any problems getting the readings for any reason, talk to me as soon as possible so you don't get behind in the reading. A guideline for the readings: I've tried to pick reading that are fair minded and balanced. There are too many books and articles out there that border on hysteria on all these issues and too many people who suddenly became terrorism experts on the afternoon of September 11. I’ve picked books written by people who have been studying terrorism long before September 11.  That doesn't mean that these books don't have a point of view. They do, but it is a point of view based on knowledge and years of study and a point of view that is reasoned and analytical. You do not have to agree with the authors. I may or may not agree with them. The point is that you need to read critically. Don't believe everything you read. Use your own logic and knowledge and insight to decide what you think about the issues.

 

Grading System: Grades will be determined through the following:

Map Quiz

February 1

5% of the grade

Exam 1

March 7

30% of the grade

Research paper

March 24

30% of the grade

Class presentation

TBA

10% of the grade

Exam 2

May 9

25 % of the grade

How do you calculate your grade? Use the percentages from the above table. So, if you received the following grades, you would calculate your grades in the following manner:

  • Map quiz: 100, at 5% of the grade; that's 100 multiplied by .05 = 5.0
  • Exam 1: 90, at 30% of the grade; that's 90 multiplied by .30 = 27.00
  • Paper: 89, 94, at 30% of the grade; that's 94 multiplied by .30 = 28.20 
  • Presentation: 90, at 10% of the grade; that's 90 multiplied by .10 = 9.00
  • Exam 2: at 25% of the grade; that's 89 multiplied by .25 = 22.25
  • To get the final grade, add up all the scores: 5 + 27.0+ 22.25 + 9.0 + 28.2 = 91.45. Congratulations you got an A.

I give you this very detailed formula for a number of reasons. You should never be unaware of what your class average is. You can calculate it at any point in the semester. If your grade is not what you'd like it to be, you should know, and you should come see me about it. Do not come to me after Exam 3 and say that you're having trouble in the class. It's too late at that point. But any time in the semester that you feel you are having trouble, or not doing as well as you feel you should, come talk to me. During my office hours and by appointment I am happy to talk to you about the class

Grading scale: I use a typical scale: A = 90-100; B = 80-89; C = 70-79; D = 55-69. Borderline grades are considered in the following manner. If your grade is 69.5, 79.5, or 89.5, then you are a candidate for a round up to the higher grade IF your grades have been going up during the semester. That means that if you are borderline, but your third exam is lower than the previous exams (you are between a B and C, but your third exam is a C), you will probably get the lower grade. If you are between a B and C, but your third exam is a B, you will probably get the B.

 

 

EXAMS

The exams will be short answer and essay. One week before the exam I will place a review sheet on line, linked to this syllabus, below this paragraph. This review sheet should be used as your study guide for the exam. The review sheet will include some terms that are from the readings only, so that you can go back and review those items from the readings. Once you have the review sheet, feel free to ask me questions about the terms. This is the best way to study for the exam. If you understand the terms on the review sheet, you can define each one and see how each one relates to the larger concepts and issues we've discussed in class, you should do just fine on the exam. The exams will consist of short answer/identifications and one essay. I will give more details on the exams in class as we approach the first exam.

 

Review 1

Review 2

 

 

Research Paper and Class Presentations

Follow the link for detailed instructions.  Or go to the Assignment sections of the Blackboard page for this class. Read these instructions now.  Read them later.  Read them again and again.

Paper Due: March 24

Last day for turning in optional rough drafts: March 17

Paper Topics will be chosen in consultation with me. I will explain in class.

 

Group Assignments

 

 

 

COURSE AND READING SCHEDULE

Week 1 January 14-18: Introduction

Hoffman, Chapter 1, 2 and 3.

 

Introduction PPT

 

 

Week 2 January 21-25: Terrorism Basics: Definitions and History

Hoffman, Chapter 5, 6 and 7.

 

History of Terrorism PPT

 

 

 

Week 3 January 28-February 1: The Modern Age of Terrorism

Map Quiz: February 1

HSEP 301 Blank Maps

Hoffman, Chapter 8 and 9.

Burke, Intro and Chapter 1.

 

 

Week 4 February 4-8: Al-Qaeda: Origins, Ideology, and Operations

Burke, Chapters 2-5, 7, and 8.

 

Al-Qaeda PPT

 

 

Week 5 February 11-15: The Political Context of Terrorism

But there is a reading assignment

Burke, Chapters 11-15.

 

 

Week 6 February 18-22: Religion, Politics, and Terrorism

Stern, Introduction, Introduction to Part One, and Chapters 1 and 2.

 

Religion and Terrorism PPT

 

 

Week 7 February 25-29: Domestic Terrorism in the US

Stern, Chapters 3-6.

 

Terrorism in the US PPT

 

 

Week 8 March 3-7: Exam One and Introduction to Part II of Course

Exam 1: March 7

Stern, Chapters 8 and 10. (These are on the first exam)

 

 

March 10-14: Spring Break

Have fun, but don’t do anything that may jeopardize your ability to get a security clearance!

 

 

Week 9 March 17-21: The New Counterterrorism Agenda

Last Day for turning in rough drafts of paper: March 17

Weimann, Introduction and Chapters 1-3.

 

National Security and Counterterrorism PPT

Goals of Counterterrorism PPT

 

 

Week 10 March 24-28: Coordinating the US Response: Institution Building

Research Paper Due: March 24

No Readings

 

Counterterrorism Organization

 

 

Week 11 March 31-April 2: Building a Counterterrorism Strategy and Lessons from Other Nations I

Weimann, Chapters 4, 6, and 7.

 

Counterterrorism Policies (for reference)

 

 

Week 12 April 7-11: Building a Counterterrorism Strategy and Lessons from Other Nations II

Class Presentations

Alexander, Introduction and Chapters 1 and 2

 

IRA

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Non-Violent Activities

 

RAF

 

 

 

Week 13 April 14-18: Building a Counterterrorism Strategy and Lessons from Other Nations III

Class presentations

Weimann, Chapter 5.

Alexander, Chapter 3 and 4

 

FARC

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

 

 

Shining Path

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

Non-Violence

 

 

Aum Shinrikyo

Origins

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

Non-Violent Activities

 

 

Week 14: April 21-25: Worst Case Scenarios: CBRNE I

Class presentations

Alexander, Chapters 5 and 6

 

Jemaah Islamiyah

Origins

Leadership

Counterterrorism

 

 

LTTE

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

Non-Violence

 

 

HAMAS

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

 

 

Hezbollah

Origins

Leadership

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

 

 

 

Week 15 April 28: Finish Class Presentations

Class presentations

Alexander, Chapter 7

 

AQIM (or GSPC or Al-Qaeda in North Africa)

Origins

Support

Strategy

Counterterrorism

 

 

Exam 2 May 9, 1:00

same room; notice the time change