POLI/INTL 355, Review 3, Spring 2021

Bill Newmann

This will be a take home exam.

Basic Requirements

• May 9-11: This will be a take home exam. I will place the exam in the Files folder of Canvas on May 9. It will be due back to me (emailed) by midnight on May 11 (as May 11 becomes May 12). You are getting the exam one day earlier than originally indicated on the syllabus. That gives you an extra day to work on it.
• Type or write the exam. 
• Either way, email me a file or pdf or even jpeg of the written answers by the deadline
• 11- or 12-point font
• One-inch margins
• Double-spaced
• Please use your name is the name of the file you send me.  I’d be happiest if you named the file like this: Your name Exam 2 POLI or INTL 355 (so if it was my exam, it would be Newmann Exam 2 POLI 355)
• The exam is open notes (so you can use your notes, the assigned books, the review sheet, and the PPT slides)
• I do not expect any outside research on this at all
• Each question has a specific page number target.  You can go over the limit, not a problem, but don’t go too far over the limit. You don’t need to.
• I think three hours will be enough time for you to write the exam and do well. You can take more time of course, as much as you need. The point here is that I don't think you need to spend hours and hours.
• It might be helpful to read the questions, then review your notes, and the review sheet.  Maybe make an outline of the essay. And then start to write.
• As always, the review sheets should be very helpful. You can use the review sheets while you take the exam. It might be a good organizational tool. 
• The PPT slides are also useful. They are my way of organizing the material, and they can serve that purpose for you too.
• Feel free to email me questions if you have them, but as usual, there are limits to how I can help you

The exam has two parts:

• Part 1: Short Answers: Choose 2 of 8: (20 points each; roughly one half of a page): Define the term and tell me why it’s important in the context of Indian politics.
• Part 2: Essay: Choose 1 of 2: (60 points; roughly 3-4 pages). Each essay has several parts to it. Make sure to do all parts of the essay. There are choices even within the essay, so make sure you read the directions. A part of an essay may say “choose 3 of 5.” Don’t do all five.

And, important:

• Sharing this exam with anyone outside the class is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
• Working with another student in the class or anyone else while you take this exam is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
• As with any take home, the plagiarism rules that exist for research papers apply here. Your exams must be your written work. I will run this through the standard plagiarism programs as I do with all research papers.

List of Terms:

(Terms with an (*) are discussed in the readings)

India One: Intro

A civilization and a country

Population size

21^st Century: India, China, US relationship

A young nation

Themes/Paradoxes:

*1. democracy and inequality

Size of eligible voting population in 2019

*Economic and social inequality

*2. Development Model

East Asian Model vs. Indian Model

*3. Wealth and Poverty

High tech economy and staggering poverty

Economic inequality (again)

*diversity

Religion

Ethnicity

23 official languages

5. National parties (Congress/BJP) vs. Regional parties

6. Religion, democracy, Ideology

Ideology of separation of church and state

Hindu Nationalism

Congress party and its ideology

BJP and Citizenship Amendment Act

Charges of discrimination against Muslims

Secular vs. Hindu India

Congress vs. BJP

India Two Before Independence

*geography

*agriculture

Slow growth of urban population

*population

*as a strength

* as a weakness

Religions

Hinduism

One of the oldest of the major religions

*pluralist nature of Hinduism

*Caste system

Brahmins (Priests)

Warriors (Kahtriyas)

Landowners, Merchants (Vaishyas)

Dirty Farmers (Sudras)

Untouchables (Dalits, Harijans)

*Affirmative Action for lower castes

*Bhimrao Ambedkar

*his experience as a Dalit

*his ideas in the Indian constitution

*untouchability outlawed

Islam as a minority (14% of population)

History

Hinduism and Buddhism from India

Alexander the Not So Great Once He Got to India

Madhava and Calculus

India’s traditional wealth

Returning to its rightful place in the world (like China)

Emperors and Dynasties

Mughal Dynasty

*British East India Company

Indian Mutiny and Direct Colonial Rule

Viceroy

British Colonialism and Princely States

Gradual inclusion of Indian's in administrative structure

Indian National Congress created

Amritsar Massacre

Impact of Gandhi's leadership on INC

Factional Struggle in INC: The factions

ending factional strife: non-violence but independence now

Becoming mass movement

new strategy -- non-violence

Minority independence movements

Muslim League

Shiromani Akali Dal (Sikhs in Punjab)

Independence

Partition

The refugees

The violence

Division of Punjab

Kashmir division

India and Pakistan as rivals

Wars

Birth of Bangladesh 1971

Government and Parties

Character of the New State (Big Picture)

The size and detail in the constitution

President’s limited power and role

Parliament

Passing legislation

Typical legislative process

Lok Sabha power over most financial/budgetary bills

Rajya Sabha -- upper house

Number of members

Lok Sabha -- lower house

Number of members

Reserved seats

Lok Sabha role in choosing Prime Minister and no-confidence motions against PM

*Example of 1996 election and choosing the PM

President’s role in these situations

*Prime Minister

Council of Ministers

Nehru Dynasty

Congress Party

*Ideology: secularism (separation of church and state) and the “Idea of India”

*Economic policy

*Nehru’s socialism

Bharatiya Janata Party

*Hindutva

*extremist past and allies

*RSS

*BJP challenge to Indian secularism

*Either as defenders of Hindus from persecution or as wanting to create a Hindu state

*original anti-Muslim views

*L. K. Advani’s ideas

*BJP and women

Leftist, regional, and caste-based parties

Public Policy

Federalism

Village Panchayats

Social Policy

Affirmative Action

Economic Policy

*Nehru's Socialism

*National Planning Commission

*the impact on entrepreneurship

*License Raj/permit raj

*Economic Problems of late 1980s/early 1990s

*debt

Oil

Kashmir crisis

*Rao's economic reforms

*Finance Minister: Manmohan Singh

*the economic reforms

*allowing foreign investment

*privatization

*less government control/free markets

*The economic results

*The political results

Debate over economic reform

Political Periods

1. Congress Years: 1947-1991

Indian National Congress/Congress Party

Congress’ electoral domination in Lok Sabha

*Nehru Dynasty

*Jawaharlal Nehru

*Dynasty supporters vs. opponents

*Indira Gandhi as PM

Congress (I)

*The Emergency 1975-1977

Part 18 of Constitution

*Defeat 1977

*Indira Gandhi Assassination

*Rajiv Gandhi and Assassination

1991 Congress victory anyway, but needs to form coalition

*P. V. Narasimha Rao

*Manmohan Singh

*Rao’s and Singh’s reforms

2. Years of Competition

Why did Congress lose support?

Nehru Dynasty gone

*Economic reform

*Corruption in Congress

*Rise of regional and religious parties

*Hindu Nationalism

*Rise of BJP and its constituency

BJP electoral results

*BJP and Mosque destruction 1992

*1996 elections and failure to form a government

BJP is the largest party, but no allies

Small parties needed to form government

*1998 and victory

Nuclear tests

*Nationalism and India as a global power

*BJP moderates most of its stands

*Attracting Muslims

*Slowing, not stopping economic reforms

*A. B. Vajpayee

*National Democratic Alliance

*1999 elections

The New Era

NDA vs. UPA

Two Party System?

Two Half Party System?

Importance or regional/religious/caste, leftist parties to form coalitions to rule

*2004 election

United Progressive Alliance

Sonia Gandhi leading Congress Party

*Congress ideas: economic reform for everyone

*poor haven’t benefited from reforms

*New PM Manmohan Singh

*2009 Elections: Congress returns

3. BJP Dominance

BJP New Emphasis

Economics

Presidentialization of Indian PM Office

Modi’s record on economic issues in Gujarat

*2014 Election

*Narendra Modi

*his controversial past (riots of 2002)

*Rahul Gandhi

Massive BJP victory

First time since 1984 any party has won a majority

February 2019: Suicide attack in Kashmir

Modi hard line response

Pakistan perceived to back down

2019: another landslide for BJP and Modi

Rahul Gandhi resigns as Congress leader

Assertive BJP

1. Jammu and Kashmir Status

Article 370

Lockdown in J and K

Division and creation of Union Territories

2. Citizenship Amendment Act

Different rules for different religions

Discrimination against Muslims?

3. National Registry of Citizens

Potentially revoking citizenship from millions

Protests and riots in 2020

Modi as economic wizard

Modi as Populist Nationalist

Definition of Populist Nationalism

Challenges Ahead

1. Hindu Nationalism vs. Secular India

2. Congress’ Leadership?