Review Sheet 2: POLI/INTL
363 Spring 2024
Bill Newmann
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class, or viewed the lectures, and done all the reading, nothing here
should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might
be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's
foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are
filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the
test, but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Remember that you have
the PPT slides. They are a version of this review sheet.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
The exam will consist of
two sections:
·
Short answers:
Choose 2 of 8-10. I will choose 8-10
terms from this review sheet and you will choose 2 of those to answer. I’m looking for 5-6 sentences that define the
term and tell me why it is important in the context of US Foreign Policy.
·
The exam is
written to be taken in a regular class period of one hour and 15 minutes. But
since we have the room for long time, you will have one hour two hours and 50
minutes for the exam.
List of Term
Bush 41 and Clinton
*Bush 41 through Obama as retrenchment or maximalist
presidents
What Replaces the Truman Doctrine?
Bush 41
Bush's Realism
Bush dilemma
Bush Foreign Policy:
Realism with
idealist rhetoric?
Or a switch to
idealism for the post-cold war world?
*The Gulf War:
*Iraq vs Kuwait
*Saddam Hussein
*Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
*Defending Saudi Arabia
*The “New World Order”
The United
Nations
*Multilateral
coalition
*fighting aggression
*upholding international law
*Saddam
Hussein as worse than Hitler (GHW Bush)
*Iraq surrenders and the terms of its surrender
Must give up
WMD
Inspections
New World Order? Bush Idealism? Or something else?
Other factors to consider:
1. Economic:
OIL
2.
Multilateralism?
Armed
Forces participating
3. Realism:
*Why
leave Saddam Hussein in power
*The breakup of Iraq?
*Iranian
power
Somalia
Civil war and drought
Humanitarian Military Intervention
Clinton
*Clinton’s Idealism
Replacing the Truman Doctrine?
Clinton’s huge shift in focus of US foreign policy
Lack of Foreign Policy Consensus
The Clinton Doctrine?
Clinton’s idealism
From Containment to Enlargement/Engagement: “En-En Strategy”
Liberal Democratic Order
1. *Core Group of Liberal-Democracies
2. *Transitional states/Economic
transition: Former Soviet-bloc states
3. Multilateralism
Challengers to the Rules
4. Human Rights
5. Rogue states
6. Weapons of Mass Destruction
proliferation
Economic Opportunities
7. Big Emerging Markets
8. Humanitarian Crises
Two Legacies
1. Economic Policy: Embracing
Globalization
Economics as priority
Liberal
economics vs. nationalists/protectionist economics
Fighting the
Democratic Party on trade issues
Building world order, but through economics
NAFTA,
FTAA, APEC, WTO
JOBS
2. Peace Operations
Clinton and Somalia
*Clinton support for humanitarian military intervention/peace
operations
*UN/US vs. General Aidid (leader of
Somali faction that challenged the UN and US)
*Outcome of October 3, 1993: Battle of Mogadishu
*Public Opinion after Somalia
Rwanda 1994
Viet Nam
Syndrome and Somalia failures lead to inaction by Clinton administration
*Bosnia
ethnic cleansing
Kosovo 1999
The model:
US airpower
Local ground
troops
NATO, not
UN-sponsored operations
NATO
peacekeepers; US troops on the ground for peacekeeping
Bush 43
Initial Policy
China as
strategic competitor
Hegemonic
Realism
No peace
operations or nation-building
Neoconservatives
The New Threat of AQ and Islamic
Radicalism
*September 11
*Who was responsible?
*Al-Qaeda (AQ)
*Osama bin-Laden
Bin-Laden’s fatwas (declaration of war against the US)
*The elements of AQ’s ideology
Origins of al-Qaeda and Sunni Extremism (The Big Chart; know
just the parts below))
AQ’s roots in Afghanistan in the 1980s
Taliban
in Afghanistan
Religious
schools around the Muslim world (madrassas) and their ideology
Why this is not mainstream Islam and is more dangerous to
Muslims than anyone else
*AQ’s goals (why attack the US)
*Attack on Trade Centers in 2003
Bush Doctrine
Going to “War”
Authorization to Use
Military Force (but no formal war declaration)
1. *Choosing sides
*Afghanistan invasion and the
difficulties
Northern Alliance
*Fighting the Taliban in 2001 and
until 2021
2. *Preemption if
necessary (really preventive war)
3. *Linkage of
terrorism and WMD threat
*Axis of Evil
4.*Regime Change
6. *Spreading
Democracy: Bush as an Idealist
*Bush’s “Freedom
Agenda”
The Iraq War
1. Bush
administration’s argument for invading Iraq
*Saddam Hussein will use WMD on the
US
*Iraq will give WMD to terrorists
After the war begins
US finds Iraq had no WMD
2. To plant the seed of democracy
*Bush administration ambitious plan to transform the Middle
East (“Freedom Agenda”)
*Iraq becomes democracy, then Domino Theory
Bush declares Victory: May 1, 2003
Outcome of the war
1. *Insurgency
2. *al-Qaeda in
Iraq born
3. *Sectarian conflict: Sunni vs.
Shi’ite vs. Kurds
4. *US bogged down in a war until 2011
5. Tipping the balance of power in the
region in favor of Iran
6. US public opinion turns against the war
7. International opinion turns against
the US
8. *Iraqi efforts to build a democracy
*US Counterinsurgency policy
*The surge 2007
*Awakening Councils
From Simon
*Pottery Barn Rule (Colin Powell)
*Curveball and US intelligence
*Bremer does three things
US and China (from lectures and Economy)
Threat or Opportunity or both?
What is Taiwan?
*In the eyes
of Taiwan
*In the eyes of China
*In the eyes of the US
*Taiwan’s move to democracy
*How it complicated US policy
*Taiwan independence and President Tsai Ing-wen
*Deng Xiaoping’s reforms 1978
*The economic boom in China
*BRICs
*Chinese wealth and Chinese power
*No deep political reform
*What comparative politics tells us: economic reforms leads to calls for political reform
*Tiananmen Square
*Bush policy after Tiananmen Square: How Bush viewed China:
Realism
Congressional pressure and Most Favored Nation policy
Clinton campaign policy: Idealism
*China
as human rights problem
*China
as BEM
Clinton administration arguments and
outcome
Clinton sets deadline for China
Clinton decides not to link Chinese progress in human rights
to trade with the US
Hypocrisy or Learning?
Clinton’s argument: trade sanctions will not change China,
but trade might change China
Big Picture
Hegemonic Rival? Thucydides Trap?
Huge economic opportunity?
Clinton: Engagement
GW Bush: strategic competitor
*Responsible
Stakeholder” thesis
Obama: Manage China’s rise by setting rules (like Zoellick’s
responsible stakeholder)
Trans-Pacific Partnership
China as a peer competitor?
*China’s wealth
*Belt and
Road Initiative
*State
Capitalism Model
Beijing
Consensus
*Authoritarian
Capitalism as a rival model
Chinese Grand Strategy
Deng: Bide Time; low profile
*Xi: “Chinese Dream of the Great Rejuvenation of the
Chinese Nation”
*Returning
China to its rightful place
*Challenge the Rules-based international order (the
rules since the end of WW II)
*Challenge the US-led international system
*anti-alliances
*anti-universal values
*Wolf-warrior diplomacy
*Backlash against China
China-Russia Joint Statement of February 2022: New Rules for
the International System
(see slides in Trump-Biden
Two PPT)
*Use of economic power to convince other nations to do what
China wants
*Against
South Korea
*Soft power and Confucius Institutes
*China’s hopes for basing rights and becoming a Maritime
power
Regional Military Competitor
*Nine Dash
Line
Chinese base
construction in the South China Sea
*String of Pearls
*The end of Hong Kong democracy hopes
*Xi Jinping’s hopes for reunification and control (Hong Kong,
Taiwan)
*Punishing Taiwan for Tsai Ing-wen’s lean toward Taiwan
independence
Economic Interdependence: Does that prevent war?
Obama Foreign Policy
*Obama as retrenching
*US primacy and Rule-based international order (Brands)
1.
*Two US counterinsurgency wars
*Leaving Iraq
*Getting deeper into Afghanistan
*Obama’s belief Afghanistan was
always the real front against AQAM
*increasing
troop levels
2.
Global war against radical Islam
Use of Drones
*al-Awlaki and AQAP
*Killing bin-Laden
3.
Arab Uprising
(You only need to know that this
was happening and that the US had to balance out many interests)
*Syrian Civil War
*Policy of non-intervention
The rise of ISIS
*Will democracies in the Middle
East be US allies? (Simon)
4. *The Pivot or Rebalancing (See China
lecture for some of this)
Balance of
power: US and India
*The Pivot/Rebalancing
Trans-Pacific
Partnership: setting rules for trade in East Asia: US rules
Trump Foreign Policy
The Fact Problem
Trump Doctrine? America First
*Rejection of rules-based
international order and US leadership
Rejection of US commitments to international institutions
Rejection of long-term
commitments and restraint on US actions
*Alliances are obsolete
*Free trade hurts the US
*Transactional: Bilateral
deals with allies, rivals, enemies
Tradition vs Trump
1.
*US Leadership vs. America First
*Obama and Biden: building,
defending, and leading the rules-based international order
*Trump rejecting the rules
*Trump as “Jacksonian”
foreign policy (Brands)
*rejection
of internationalism (Brands)
*Fortress America (Brands)
2.
*Free Trade vs. Nationalism/Protectionism
*Rejection
of NAFTA, but eventually just a tweak to NAFTA
*Rejection
of TPP; US withdraws
*Rejection
of Post-WW II Liberalism
*Manufacturing in the US:
Technology or foreign competition (Brands)
Biden has not lifted tariffs
on China
Sullivan speech and new
Biden trade policy
3.
*Tradition: China as security rival and economic
opportunity
Trump:
China as economic rival
*China
and US manufacturing decline
*Or
is technology the real problem in US manufacturing
*Trade
deficit and Trump tariffs on China
Biden: China as a Great Power Rival
Biden:
US will defend Taiwan
4.
*Tradition: Alliances
Paying the
US for Defense
*NATO as
obsolete
Biden:
Rebuilding alliances
5.
*Russia as Rival vs. Russia as Friend
Tradition: Cold War rivalry with Russia
Post-Cold War attempts to make Russia a friend
Trump:
Putin is an ally
Putin’s authoritarianism at home
Elements of Putin Foreign Policy
•
Return to Great Power Status
•
Reclaim Sphere of Influence
•
Near Abroad
•
Weaken NATO
•
Undermine Liberal Democracy
NATO Expansion
Hybrid Warfare
Independent Ukraine
2013-2014 Ukraine Crisis; fall of
Russia-leaning government 2014
Russian Response: Seizure of Crimea
Separatist Control of parts of
Eastern Ukraine
February 2022 Invasion
Reasons why Russia invaded (still a
debate)
Biden response
European and Asian response
The argument made by Zelensky: This
is why Ukraine is important
China Russia Joint Statement February
2022
Key Highlights
·
multipolarity
·
cultural/civilizational diversity in democracy
·
certain states that act unilaterally
·
alliances are bad
·
No limits to China-Russian friendship
·
There is one China and Taiwan is a part of it
Is this China’s bid to become the
world’s leader and change the rules the US has established since the end of WW
II?
*Trump and JCPOA
*Abraham Accords
Biden National Security and Defense
Strategy
*The rules-based international
order
*US role
*Challenge from authoritarian
states (Russia and China)
*Competing
with China
*Constraining Russia
*Importance of alliances
From Brands
*Three Myths
*Offshore Balancing strategy