HSEP 301
Spring 2008
Review 2
The exam will consist of two sections:
Terms with an asterisk before them are those that are also addressed in the readings.
How to study for the question that includes information from student presentations:
Of course, each one of you came to every class during the student presentations days, so you’ve heard all the material presented. Your job in preparing for the exam is to focus upon the issue area that you were assigned and focus on the other student presentations concerning those issues. My guess is that you should also pay attention to the Origins issue area no matter what your issue area was. The Origins presentations help give you a context for the terrorist group that provides necessary info for all issue areas. Also, if you were assigned Leadership, there is overlap with Origins. Support overlaps with Non-Violent activities. Counterterrorism overlaps with Strategy. In some cases, students dropped out so not all issues were covered for each group. However, all issues except for Non-Violent activities were covered for at least four terrorist groups, so you’ll have plenty to work with as you study. Students who did their research on Non-Violent activities can look to Support or Strategy for examples of Non-Violent activities.
The political
nature of terrorism and the political nature of counterterrorism organization
and policies.
Path dependence in organization and
policy
How to define strategy (see PPT
Chart)
US National Security Policy 1945 to 1990s
1. Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist
policy
2. Free Markets
3. Spreading Liberal-Democracy
Success
in
4. Regional Conflict
5. Multilateralism
Alliances
and institutions
6. Deterrence and Forward Presence
7. Peace Operations
Overall Premise: Hegemonic
Competition
Bush Doctrine
1. *Choose Sides
2. Linkage of Terrorism and WMD
3. Preemption (really Preventive
War)
4. Regime Change to Democracy (now a
priority)
5. Multilateralism: Coalitions of
the willing
Dilemmas of
6. Spreading liberal-democracy – The
real purpose of
US is hegemon trying to order the
world
There
are no state challengers
US is challenged by AQ, a
non-governmental organization
*How technological change helps make
terrorism easier (Weimann)
Networks and a New Form of War
Traditional view of war
Guerrilla Warfare, insurgency,
low-intensity conflict
Premises of this type of asymmetric
warfare, from guerrilla, insurgent, terrorist point of view
Cannot
defeat enemy head to head
Certainty
that you can win the test of political will
Goals:
To survive to fight again
To
raise the cost of intervention
To
convince the enemy to withdraw
*Network forms of organization
Organizational structure as a source
of power
*Definitions of network organization
Hierarchy vs. network comparison of
tasks
Hierarchy:
creates, builds, oversight, accountability, responsibility
Network:
better at disruption
*Why are networks so useful
now? World changes
*technology
*information
*globalization
*transnational
organizations
*Network forms have an advantage
after the Information-technology revolution
*Flexibility, adaptability, speed
*web
sites that move from URL to URL for communication
*Ability to communicate as a form of
power
*terrorism
as a form of theater: target audiences
*importance
of publicity for terrorist groups
*9/11
as a recruiting tool
*Organization as a form of power
*Types of networks
What holds a network together?
Ideology
Internet
Identity
*Role of the internet
*instrumental
uses of the internet
*al-Qaeda
use of internet
To fight a network
Bombing?
Counterdisruption
Finance
Alternative
ideology
Counterterrorism vs. Anti-terrorism
Terrorist Necessities
Goals of Counterterrorism
1. Ending Terrorism?
2. Containment
3. Disruption
4. Isolation
5. Finance
6. Communication Dynamic
7. Political Support for
Counterterrorism Policies
8. Root Causes and Support for
Terrorist Cause
US Government and Terrorism
Terrorism as a crime
Terrorism as low priority even in
1990s
Homeland security on the backburner
*US Commission on National Security
(Hart-Rudman)
*Gilmore Commission
*Focus on worst care: terrorist use
of WMD
Probability vs. consequence
Pre 9/11 organization
*
*National
Coordinator
*Counterterrorism
Security Group
Bush Administration changes:
Homeland
Security Council
Office
of Homeland Security
Homeland
Security Adviser
Congress wants Dept. of Homeland
Security
Reasons why
Creation of Dept. of Homeland
Security
Rivalries to be expected with new
organizational structure
Intelligence
Post-9/11 blurring of distinction
between foreign and domestic intelligence
Problem of gathering and
coordinating information
Designation as Foreign Terrorist
Organization
Terrorist Watch Lists
Pre-9/11 Problems
1.
Coordination
Organizational
rivalries
laws
2.
Priorities
CIA and
proliferation of WMD by states priority
Failure of
presidents and congress to set terrorism as a priority
Solution:
Director of National
Intelligence/Office of DNI
Uncertainties about DNI position
4D Strategy
What is Counterterrorism
1. Organization
centralization vs. decentralization
President’s
role
2. Diplomacy
Importance
of allies – intelligence, legal environment, operations
3. Economic Issues
Sanctions
Terrorist
finance
Office of
Foreign Assets Control
4. Legal/Law Enforcement
*Terrorists
as criminals: 1996 ATEDP Act
Gray Area:
criminal or soldier? Neither
Prevention
*FISA
FISA Revisions: post 9/11
*
*Surveillance and civil liberties issues
Terrorist Surveillance Program: National Security Agency
*Controversies over
Enemy
Combatant designation
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Padilla v. Rumsfeld
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
Detainee Treatment Act
Military Commissions Act
Protect
Weimann
*Utility
of internet
*Flexibility,
adaptability, speed
*web sites that move from URL to URL for
communication
*Ability
to communicate as a form of power
*terrorism as a form of theater: target
audiences
*importance of publicity for terrorist
groups
*9/11
as a recruiting tool
*Role of
the internet
*instrumental uses of the internet
*al-Qaeda use of internet
Alexander (Try to relate
items from this list to US counterterrorism efforts and to the student
presentations)
*Prime Minister’s role in French
counterterrorism
*Centralization vs. decentralization
in German Counterterrorism
*GSG9 in
*Red Brigades in
*pentitos
(repentance policy in
*Success or failure in negotiations
with LTTE and why?