Spring 2003
Review 2
The exam will consist of two sections:
Terms with an asterisk before them are those that are also addressed in the readings.
Events of September 11
Political Agenda of terrorists
Actions that will change US foreign policy
The policies they resent:
US power
Westernization/Americanization
US support for Israel
US pressure on Iraq and Afghanistan
US troops in Saudi Arabia
US support for authoritarian elites in Middle East
Poverty
Tradition vs. modernization
But terrorists seek authoritarian states which do not ally with the US, not Democracies
Basics of Terrorism
*state-sponsors and enablers
*cells, entrepreneurship
*dealing with state-sponsored terrorism vs. dealing with networks
Important changes in the nature of terrorism
US Response
Anti-terror coalition
Attack on and overthrow of Taliban in Afghanistan
Covert operations
*Counterterrorism (Pillar)
*Ending financing
*Law enforcement/policing – globally
*Intelligence
Pressure/containment of the terrorists
Long term – building Democracies and economic progress
*Civil Liberties and counterterrorism (Donohue)
*The case for preemption? (Roberts)
Terrorist Groups
*Waves of terrorism
PLO
*Yassir Arafat
*Impact of Iranian Revolution and Afghanistan struggle
*Religion and the Fourth Wave of terrorism
*Hizbullah
*Hamas
*Al-Qaeda and Osama bin-Laden
*White Supremacist/Radical Christian terrorism in the US
State Sponsors
*Iran and Afghanistan
State Enablers
*Pakistan (sponsor and enabler)
*Saudi Arabia and militant Islam
Koran
Muhammed
Peaceful submission to God’s will
Church and state separation
Major debates
Sharia
Women’s rights
*Meaning of Jihad?
Diversity of Islam
Sunni vs. Shia
Ideas and Politics
People vs. Governments
Where are the terrorists from?
Interpretations of Islam that depend on political culture, government policy, and geography
Islam in Indonesia vs. Saudi Arabia
Geography
Rise of Militant Islam
Does Islam define politics or does politics define Islam?
How old is militant Islam?
Rise of Islamic Civilization
Arab Caliphate as civilization
Fighting Europe for control of the region
Ottoman Empire isolation and decline
British control and independence
Authoritarian/monarchical/military leadership
state-controlled economies
Militant Islam rises in 1980s
Why?
Israeli-Palestinian issue as a factor, but probably not even a crucial one
Poverty, the generation of oil wealth and its decline
expectations raised, then crushed
The backlash against monarchies and authoritarian states – begins in Iran 1979
Reactions of authoritarian states
destroy liberals; co-opt radicals
A pre-revolutionary situation throughout the Arab world?
Militant Islam defined as Arab nationalism, anti-western nationalism
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Ottoman Empire
British Empire
Partition Plan for Palestine and Israel (for 1947)
WW II Holocaust and the Birth of Israel
Arab-Israeli War 1948
Six Day War (1967)
Sinai Peninsula
Gaza Strip
West Bank
Golan Heights
UNSC Resolution 242
October War (1973)
Camp David Accords
Sadat assassination
Palestinian Intifada (1987)
Israeli Settlement Policy
Israeli Defense Force occupation
PLO renounces terrorism (1988)
Oslo Process (begins 1993)
July 2000 collapse of Oslo process
Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount area
New Intifada
Israeli reoccupation of areas
Prince Abdullah’s Peace Plan (Feb-March 2002)
New Wave of Bombing (March 2002)
Sharon goes to "war"
Weapons of Mass Destruction
CBRN acronym (Chemical, Biological, radiological, Nuclear weapons)
Nuclear Weapons
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Deterrence:
definition
credibility
Nuclear Deterrence
Why the US and USSR had so many nuclear weapons
Nuclear Proliferation
Current worries
The problem of "undeterrables"
*Terrorists
*nuclear energy
*globalization
*unconventional delivery
*Biological Weapons
*Biological Weapons Convention
*Who might have them
*Problems with delivery
*Aum Shinrikyo
*Chemical Weapons
*WW I
*Geneva Protocol 1925
*Chemical Weapons Convention
*Delivery of Chem. Weapons
*Radiological Weapons