HSEP
301
Fall
2016
Review
2
Three
Sections:
·
Section 1: Short
Answers: Choose 2 of 8: (15 points each)
·
Section 2:
Presentation question: 20 points: Compare the terrorist group you studied to two of the terrorist groups discussed during
the presentations in terms of the issue area that you had been assigned. In other words, if your research was on
Strategy, compare your research to the strategy of two terrorist groups included in the presentations. If your research was on Support, compare your
research to the support structure of two
of the terrorist groups included in the presentations. An easy way of thinking about this is to
consider how your group was similar to one other group and how it was different
from another.
·
Section 2: Choose
1 of 2 (maybe 3) essays: (50 points).
You
will have two hours and 40 minutes to complete the exam. You will not need
it. The exam is written to take an hour
and 15 minutes.
Remember that information from the class
presentations will be on the exam. The
PPT slides for all the class presentations will be linked to the syllabus, so
these can be used as a reference. The
review sheet does not contain any terms from the student presentations. For the exam you will be expected to be able
to compare several of the terrorist groups discussed during the presentations
in terms of the issue area that you had been assigned. In other words, if your research was on
Strategy, you should be ready to discuss the strategies of all the terrorist
groups included in the presentations. If
your research was on Support, you should be ready to discuss the strategies of
all the terrorist groups included in the presentations. A hint, to do this well, you should also pay
attention to the Origins presentations.
There may be cases where a specific issue was not presented or a
presentation was not as good as it should be.
Don’t worry, the questions are written so this will not be a problem.
Terms with an asterisk before them are those
that are also addressed in the readings.
List of Terms
Suicide attacks
Attacks vs. Deaths
Reasons why suicide attacks are used
(discussed in class)
Worst-case
scenarios considered; Why?
Terrorist groups
interested in
Some groups want
mass casualties
Religious-based
terrorist groups
Alliances with
nations who have
Steps to CBRNE use
Groups must want
mass casualties (why some will and some won’t)
Acquiring materials
Weaponization
Delivery
Not getting caught
Chemical weapons
Aum and Sarin 1995
Biological Weapons
Types of biological
weapons
Key factors:
Legality and legitimacy of research
Transmission of disease
Incubation period of disease
Exercises
Recent Use
Aum Shinrikyo
Al-Qaeda
Anthrax 2001
Nuclear Weapons
Who has them; who
wants them
How terrorists might
get a bomb
fissile material
Russia as a source
Pakistan as a
source and a worst case scenario
Radiological
weapons (dirty bombs)
Nuclear plants
Deterrence
Why nations would
or would not give WMD to a terrorist organization (Know the PPT slide on this)
Cyber terrorism
Definition
Vulnerability of
infrastructure
Cyberspace
Cyber attacks that
have happened
Estonia 1997
Hypothetical cyber
attacks
Methods
DDOS
The range of
threats
Hacktivism
Cyber crime
Cyber espionage
Cyber War
Cyber terrorism
AQ’s program
Two Key questions
Can you do
significant damage with a cyber attack?
Significant damage?
But example of 2010 Volcano on
Europe
What benefit would
a terrorist group get out of it?
Is a cyber attack better than a
bomb?
Cyber attacks as a
force multiplier
Comprehensive
National Cybersecurity Initiative and its key elements
Counterterrorism Policies
US Government and Terrorism
Terrorism as a
crime
Terrorism as low
priority even in 1990s
Homeland security
on the backburner
US Commission on National
Security (Hart-Rudman)
Gilmore Commission
Focus on worst
case: terrorist use of
Probability vs.
consequence
US assumptions
Marxism caused terrorism (USSR gone,
so terrorism is gone)
States are the threat
US superiority will deter all challenges
What
is Counterterrorism
1. Organization
coordination
and leadership
Pre 9/11
organization
Clinton PDDs (39, 62, 63)
National Coordinator
Counterterrorism
Security Group
Bush Administration
changes:
Homeland Security Council
Office of Homeland Security
Homeland Security Adviser
Congress wants
Dept. of Homeland Security
Reasons why
Creation of Dept.
of Homeland Security
2. Intelligence
Differences between
CIA and FBI approach
Post-9/11 blurring of
distinction between foreign and domestic intelligence
Problem of
gathering and coordinating information
Designation as
Foreign Terrorist Organization
Terrorist Exclusion
List
State Sponsors of
Terrorism
Terrorist Watch
Lists
Terrorist Screening
Center
Pre-9/11 Problems
1. Coordination
Organizational rivalries
2. Priorities
Failure of presidents and congress to set terrorism as a priority
Director of
National Intelligence/Office of DNI
National
Counterterrorism Center
FBI Reorganization
National Security
Branch and Divisions
Intelligence Fusion
Centers
3. Diplomacy
Importance of allies – intelligence, legal environment, operations
US and Pakistan in the fight against AQ
Afghanistan and Pakistan as sanctuaries for AQAM
4. Economic Issues
Sanctions
Terrorist finance
Office of Foreign Assets Control
5. Legal/Law Enforcement
Terrorists as criminals: 1996 ATEDP Act
Gray Area: criminal or soldier?
Bush administration answer: Neither
Surveillance
FISA
FISA Revisions: post 9/11
USA PATRIOT Act
Surveillance and civil liberties issues
Terrorist Surveillance Program: National Security Agency
Protect America Act 2007
Detainees
as a source
of intelligence (information)
Enemy Combatant
designation
Military Order of
November 2001
Guantanamo Bay
detention
Habeas Corpus and
US Supreme Court decisions
Military
Commissions Act 2006/2009
Treatment of Detainees
CIA vs. FBI methods
“enhanced
interrogation”
Controversy over
interrogation methods
Detainee Treatment
Act
6. Operations
NJTTF
*JTTF
*NYPD
*FBI operations
overseas
*NYPD operations
overseas
*Najibulluh Zazi: background and
training in Pakistan
*To arrest Zazi early or wait and see what he’s up to and who are his
co-conspirators
*NYPD Intelligence
Division
*Criticism of FBI:
prosecution, not prevention
*FBI vs. NYPD Intel
Division (operations in NJ)
*COINTELPRO
*Stopping Zazi as he enters NYC: But Port Authority has jurisdiction
*screwups
at bridge stop
*Behavioral profiling
*NYPD Demographic
Unit and limits on domestic intelligence
*National Security
Letters
*Do you let Zazi get on a plane?
*Ticking time bomb
concept
*Zazi interviewed by FBI
*Arrests
Memorandum of Understanding
negotiations with state and local law enforcement
7. Use of Force
US and Iraq
US and Afghanistan
Can you maintain
allied support?
8. Negotiations
Israel and PLO
8. Alternative ideologies
The war or dialogue
of ideas
Strategic
communications
Counterideology
Disengagement and
De-radicalization
Saudi
de-radicalization program
Delegitimizing
terrorist groups
Cronin
*Premise: all terrorist groups will end
*Three key actors in terrorist triad:
terrorist group, government, audience
*Six ways terrorist groups have ended
*Effectiveness of assassination vs. arrest
*Negotiation success and failure
*Northern
Ireland
*Israeli-Palestinian
*Success: Achievement of goal?
*And
ethno-nationalism
*Second and Third generation in terrorist
movements
*AQ success in creating a next generation?
*Losing public support
*Does repression work?
*Moving to crime or insurgency
*FARC and LTTE
examples
*Decapitating AQ?
*Negotiating with AQ?
*Losing popular support and AQ?
*AQ transnationalist
goals vs. local goals.