POLI/INTL 355 Fall 2009
Exam 2 Review Sheet
This looks big, but don't worry.
If you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, form an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one President's foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of Chinese politics you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test (four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.
Please, any questions, come to office hours, call me up, whatever.
I. Political Culture and Political Development
A. History
B. Culture/Political
Culture
Dynastic record -- Imperial China
4,000 years of a unified
Centralized, authoritarian rule
Han Chinese ethnicity
Order-chaos pattern (centralization-decentralization-recentralization)
Mongol and Manchu invasion – foreign invaders ruled as Chinese dynasties
Current CCP leaders understanding of the political legacy of the dynastic periods
Fear of decentralization that might lead to chaos
Nationalism and a return to
power for
Isolation from barbarians
Confucian political thought
Confucius (Kong Fu Zi)
Unity of political and social order
Hierarchy
Five major relationships
Harmony and balance
Emperor's role
Heaven's Mandate
Factional rivalries among ruling elites
Family role
Women's role
Legalism (Han Fei)
Not harmony/balance, but order
Law enforcement
Strict imperial control
Confucian rhetoric; legalism implementation
Ideology
Bureaucracy
Control
Spread of ideology
Recruitment/social mobilization
Taxes
C. Foreign Influence
Nationalism/Independence
D. Creation of Modern Nation-State
Internal weaknesses
Qing Dynasty
Why the fall of the Qing dynasty was the fall of Imperial China
External forces
European and Japanese encroachment
Opium War (
"100 years of Humiliation"
Nationalist Movement
Sun Yat-Sen
Kuomintang - KMT (Guomindang - GMD)
Republicanism
Three Principles of the People
Communist movement
Qing falls; Republican era begins
Warlords and civil war
Chiang Kai-shek
KMT vs. CCP
KMT victory
Long March
Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Civil War
II. Actors and Processes
Communist Era
Order-chaos fulfilled (chaos 1911-1949)
But new ideology created to rule next period of order
Mao Dynasty?
Confucian vs. Communism or blend of Confucianism and Communism
Mao’s legitimacy based on?
The importance of nationalism
Political Parties
Communism in
Marx/Engels
Lenin
Mao
Peasant revolution
Mass Line
Campaigns/continuous revolution
Egalitarianism (?)
Government Structure
Party is more powerful than government; party role for individuals is what gives them power
Real power/decision making is at the very top and based on factional rivalries
No opposition to CCP allowed
Formal structure (hierarchical pyramid of committees)
Work unit
Government structure
National People's Congress
NPC Standing Committee
State Council
Premier
Commissions and ministries
Standing Committee of State Council
Judicial branch
Government role is implementation
Party structure
National Party Congress
Central Committee
Bureaucracies
Politburo
Party Secretariat
General Secretary
Standing Committee of Politburo
Factional politics
Party role counts, so factional debates
are at level of party leadership
1949-1976: Mao vs. everyone else
fate of number 2 in party (Peng Dehuai or Liu Shaoqi) when they
challenged or seemed to challenge Mao
Since 1979: more consensus decision making: conservatives
vs. reformers over the pace of reform
Factional allies, loyalists, and
power bases
Leading Small Groups role in decision making
III. Public Policy -- Mao's
Remaking
A series of campaigns
*Collectivization
Industrialization - Stalinist model
Dictatorship of the CCP – no rivals allowed
Failure of Mao’s efforts
Early campaigns (1950s)
100 Flowers movement
ideological purity
Great Leap Forward
Collectivization
Experimentation
Mao faces challengers over GLF
factionalism
Cultural Revolution
Goals
Four Olds
Red Guards
Factionalism
Fate of #2 in the Party
Death of Zhou Enlai
Death of Mao
Succession
Three Factions
Pragmatists under Deng Xiaoping
Hua Guofeng
Gang of Four
Gang of Four arrested
Deng Xiaoping consolidates power
III. Public Policy -- Deng's
Economics -- massive reform
End of isolation
No political challenges to CCP
Consensus decisions at the top
economic reforms = economic freedoms: what is the impact of that on politics?
Economics
December 1978
Priority of economic modernization
Four Modernizations
*Capitalist reforms
*End of collectivization of agriculture
*Entrepreneurship
*Relaxed planning
state owned enterprises still dominate (SOEs)
*open door trade policy
Special Economic Zones
Foreign Direct Investment
Locations
Attracting Foreign Investment
Export Power
Joint Ventures
Greater Chinese Economy
Pace of reforms: the new factional battle
Speed up vs. Slow down
The results of economic reform
*Economic Boom
*Modernization in special zones
New ideology -- "To Get Rich Is Glorious"
*Inequality
*Social mobility
*Generational differences
*Social and psychological impact
Ideological justification
Deng Xiaoping Theory
*CPC primacy
Why reform?
Impact of cultural revolution
*Failure of Mao’s economy
Lessons of
Death of Mao
Politics
Three cases: 1978/79, 1986, 1989
Demands for political reform followed economic reform
CCP seemed to encourage limited debate on limited issues, but it clearly saw a limit to that debate and crushed the debate/dissent/protests
Each incident led to a factional battle about how to respond (Important: make sure you understand the factional battle at each of these junctures)
Decentralization/Democratic centralism: Provinces vs.
Factionalism
Democracy?
Nationalism as an ideology
Movements:
Democracy Wall
Wei Jingsheng and the 5th Modernization
1986 demonstrations
Hu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang
Li Peng
Martial law
June 4
Meaning of
Spring 1992 Southern Tour of Deng Xiaoping
Message -- economic growth, but no political change
creation of politically agnostic capitalists?
The fate of dissidents
The importance of nationalism for ideology, unity, legitimacy, purpose
Confucianism: stability/harmony
Maoism: revolutionary struggle
Dengism and beyond: stability plus rapid change
The Party
Deng Xiaoping Theory as the current ideology
Socialist market economy
Nationalism
The Lessons of Tiananmen Square and the collapse of Communism in
Economic reform
Political over-centralization
Adaptive party
15th Party Congress and Deng Xiaoping Theory and death of Deng
16th Party Congress
Three represents
Advanced culture
Advanced forces of production
Representing the full mass of the Chinese people
The meaning of this third represent
Businessmen/women allowed in the CCP
Transition from third to fourth generation
The 4th generation
commitment to economic modernization
commitment to CCP rule
Hu’s ideology
Harmonious socialist society
Scientific development
at least the appearance of politicians responsive to the public
*their reaction to SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
No challenges to CCP rule
*Falun Gong
decentralization in the party
Intra party democracy
Economy
Economic growth forever?
impact of slow growth/recession?
The relationship between economic growth or lack of growth and political change
Economic problems
Migration
Rural vs. Urban incomes
SOEs
*Labor unrest
*Corruption
Political Development
Nationalism
*Emphasis on stability
Village Elections
*Social unrest
*Why social unrest exists
*Government response
Can you create politically agnostic capitalists?
The
“guided democracy”
Economic development and Political Change: The model
Possible Futures
1. Evolution over decades
2. Political/Economic Crisis
a. Crackdown
b. Self-reform: CCP decision to reform from within
c. Revolution: CCP decision not to reform and unrest continues – leaders face revolution and are overthrown
d. Coup: CCP makes no decision; unrest continues and reformers arrest their factional opponents (as happened after Mao’s death)
The bottom line?
When CCP rule is perceived by the people or perceives itself as an obstacle to achieving China’s national goals (economic growth and an increase in power) it will have to reform or be removed.
The other key issues discussed in Pan and Johnson
· *Corruption between the Party and the business community
· *the purpose of the rule of law – to protect the party
· *the way in which individuals still believe the Party and the government will set things right once the Party/government understands the situation
· *the faith individuals have in the constitution and the rule of law, until they fight for what they perceive is justice
· *the way in which individuals are surprised when they are met by repression/beatings/arrests
· *the fear in the CCP over Falun Gong’s power to organize
· *the CCP reaction to Falun Gong