POLI/INTL 363: Summer 2018

Review Sheet: Exam I

Bill Newmann

This looks big, but don't worry. If you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.

Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test (four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.

Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.

Please, any questions, come to office hours or send me an email.

You will have the entire class period to take the exam. It will consist of:

· short answer/identifications (choose 2 of 10: 15 points each for 30 points). These are the instructions for the short answers that you’ll see on the exam: Identify and comment on the significance of the following terms: You can probably do this in four or five sentences. It's fine to write more, but be careful of the time -- you don't want to use up too much time that could be used for the essays. Each one of these could have a book written about them, so you've got to tell me what's really important about each one. If you have trouble on these, go on to the essays and come back.

· essay (choose 1 of 2: 70 points). This may change either to add an essay or to have only one essay with tons of choice in it. I’ll explain more in class.

List of terms:

presidential dominance in foreign Policy

congressional powers vs. presidential powers

commander-in-chief

Public Opinion: who makes foreign policy” President or congress?

Executive Branch:

organization of departments in a hierarchy

Department of State

*National Security Act of 1947

Department of Defense

Secretary of Defense

civilian control of the military

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Central Intelligence Agency

Director of National Intelligence

*National Security Council

*members and advisers

*purpose of NSC: coordination

*Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)

*National Security Council Staff and its changing role

*reasons why presidents have used NSC staff

*difference between NSC and NSC staff (Very important!!!! If you don’t know this, you’ll be sad on exam day)

*Truman’s use of NSC

Analytical Model (Rational Policy Model) (Rational Choice)

cost-benefit analysis

Organizational Process Model

organizational interests

organizational competition

standard operating procedures (SOP)

Bureaucratic Politics Model

individual actors

Bargaining/compromise

Presidential Management Model

presidential power to structure the process

Tools the President uses to manage the process

The Concept of National Interest:

what are the threats to the US?

what role should the US take in the world?

Isolationism (really regional power only) 1919-1941

Internationalism

Realism -- power (T. Roosevelt, Nixon, Bush 41)

Idealism (Liberal Internationalism; Wilsonianism) -- values, law, interdependence

(Wilson, Carter, Reagan, Clinton)

Nationalism (Trump)

The question of leadership

What all great powers want

If the US doesn’t make the rules, will someone else?

WW II, Cold War, Anarchy?

Policies 1789-1945

Pre-WW II Policies

US as a Regional Power

League of nations decision

Post-WW II Choice: regional power or global power

Explaining the Cold War

Realist explanation

Idealist explanation

The theory of Communism

The practice of Communism in the Soviet Union and China

Soviet economics – command economy

Lenin and Stalin

*Mao Zedong

Economic Explanation

Early Cold War

US post-war acceptance of internationalism

*Eisenhower vs. “isolationist” Republicans

*Eisenhower’s formal NSC style

*inclusion of all relevant advisors

*Planning Board

*Sestanovich’s concept of maximalist and retrenchment cycle

*Maximalist presidents

*retrenchment presidents

1. Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist policy

*Truman’s definition of the threat and US role in the world

*Containment

*Greece and Turkey

*Truman Doctrine

*Soviet Bloc achievements 1945-1950

*Division of Europe – Iron Curtain

*NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

*Divided nations

*Spheres of Influence

Cold War as Balance of Power

Premise: Someone will order the international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it

2. Free Markets (see ppt slide)

US hope to spread free market capitalism

US belief that only free markets can guarantee political freedoms

Free trade leads to prosperity

Free trade leads to peace

*Premise underneath Marshall Plan – strong economies create strong middle classes who are less likely to believe in Communist economics (command economy – no free trade; government control)

International economic system created by the US

IMF, World Bank, GATT

US economic system created in 1940s – its relationship to globalization today

Criticism: US only wanted to free markets so its companies had access to cheap land and cheap labor

US response to governments that threatened US economic interests?

Results of US economic system since 1945: greatest generation of wealth in world history

Success in N. America, W. Europe, N. E. Asia and some in SE Asia

Less success/controversy in developing world

3. Democracy Building

A. Success in W. Europe and N.E. Asia

B. Overthrowing democratically elected governments who lean too far to the left economically

*Iran 1953 (Eisenhower)

*Guatemala 1954 (Eisenhower)

*Chile 1973 (Nixon)

C. US support for fascist dictators if they were anti-communist and capitalist

D. US semi-alliances with anti-Soviet Communists

China (Nixon)

4. Multilateralism

Build global order

Use international law, alliances and institutions

UN

NATO

IMF, World Bank, GATT

5. Regional Conflict

*US-Soviet competition

US and Soviet involvement in civil wars, military coup, revolution

Angola 1970s– civil war becomes part of cold war

Rules of regional conflict

6. Deterrence and Forward Presence

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Deterrence

Preventing action

Using threats

Credibility

*Forward Presence

Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation

Strategy 1: Intervention

Total War vs. Limited War

*Korean War

*Limited war in Korea

*Kim Il Sung

*Korean War

*UN resolution to intervene in Korea

*Collective Security

*MacArthur vs. Truman in Korea

*Escalation and stalemate in Korea

Viet Nam

The context

*Vietnam as a cold war struggle

*Strategic Logic

*Domino Theory

*Political price of losing a nation to Communism

*LBJ Tuesday Lunch Group and Vietnam

*LBJ and Groupthink on Vietnam (Rothkopf)

Overall dilemma

Can’t lose; can’t win

*Coercive diplomacy strategy

*Result: US war effort under LBJ

*Escalation

*bombing

Nixon’s War

Withdrawal, but sustained bombing

*Kennedy’s NSC

*Kennedy’s NSC Staff as a “mini-State Dept.”

*Bay of Pigs

*Cuban Missile Crisis

*ExComm

Engagement

Post-Vietnam Changes

New Congressional power

War Powers Act

Clark Amendment

End of the foreign policy consensus

Vietnam Syndrome

Strategy 2: Engagement

Nixon-Kissinger and Detente

*Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy Process

*Nixon in charge

*Nixon distrust of State Dept.

*Kissinger running system on behalf of Nixon

*Kissinger's and Nixon's shared beliefs (realism)

Why détente?

1. *Strategic Parity

Soviet buildup

2. *Sino-Soviet Split

*Mao Zedong

3. Vietnam Syndrome

*Detente as Containment

*Detente to change Soviet behavior

*Linkage

Detente as Balance of Power

Détente Policies:

1. SALT

Interim Agreement

ABMs Treaty

2. *Triangular Diplomacy

*Taiwan vs. China

*Kissinger's secret trip to China, July 1971

*Shanghai Communique

Ford- Carter and the Challenges for Detente

*Carter wants a team approach to decisions (collegial)

*Carter's Human Rights Policy

Exceptions to Human Rights policy:

*SALT II

*Iranian revolution and US hostage crisis

*Iran as a US ally

*The Shah

*Ayatollah Khomeini

*Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

*Mujahedin

*US support for Mujahedin

Arc of Crisis

*Brzezinski’s view of Iran and Afghanistan: Soviet threat

*October War and oil embargo 1973

Carter’s new policies:

SALT II

Defense Buildup

*Carter Doctrine

*RDJTF and Central Command (Bacevich)

*Rescue Mission

Strategy 3: Confrontation

Ronald Reagan 

*Reagan's view of the world as he entered office

*Reagan anti-communist idealism vs. Nixon anti-Soviet realism

*Reagan’s view of detente

Reagan's view of the problems facing the US:

1. Third Wave of Marxism and response

Reagan Doctrine

*Offensive strategy

*Rollback of Soviet gains

*US support for Mujaheedin

*rivalry in Mujahedin (Bacevich)

*Pakistan’s role

2. Vietnam Syndrome and response

*Libya

*Operation Eldorado Canyon

Grenada

*Lebanon: Beirut intervention

*PLO

*Israeli invasion of Lebanon

*October 23, 1983 bombing

3. Decade of Neglect and response

Cases:

Nicaragua

Sandinistas

*Contras

*William Casey

*Boland Amendment Number 2

*Reagan response

*private funds

*foreign countries

*Hostages in Lebanon

*Arms sales to Iran

*linkage of Contras and arms sales

*Oliver North

*hearings

*Indictments and convictions

End of the Cold War:

Soviet Succession

Mikhail Gorbachev

New Thinking

*Economic restructuring (perestroika)

*Political freedoms (glasnost)

Ending the cold war

Ending the Arms race

End to regional conflict

Freeing of Eastern Europe

USSR collapses

15 republics

August 1991 Coup