POLI/INTL
363: Summer 2017
Review
Sheet: Exam I
Bill
Newmann
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might
be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's
foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are
filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test
(four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
Please,
any questions, come to office hours or send me an email.
You
will have the entire class period to take the exam. It will consist of:
·
short answer/identifications (choose 2 of 10: 15 points
each for 30 points). These are the instructions for the short answers that
you’ll see on the exam: Identify and comment on the significance of the
following terms: You can probably do this in four or five sentences. It's fine to write more, but be careful of
the time -- you don't want to use up too much time that could be used for the
essays. Each one of these could have a
book written about them, so you've got to tell me what's really important
about each one. If you have trouble on
these, go on to the essays and come back.
·
essay (choose 1 of 2: 70 points).
List of terms:
presidential dominance in foreign Policy
congressional powers vs. presidential powers
commander-in-chief
Public Opinion
Executive Branch:
organization of departments in a hierarchy
Department of State
*National Security Act of 1947
Department of Defense
Secretary
of Defense
civilian control of the military
Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of National Intelligence
*National Security Council
*Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)
*National Security Council Staff and
its changing role
*reasons
why presidents have used NSC staff
*difference between NSC and NSC staff
(Very important!!!! If you don’t know this, you’ll be sad on exam day)
*Truman’s use of NSC
Analytical Model (Rational Policy
Model)
cost-benefit analysis
Organizational Process Model
organizational interests
organizational competition
standard operating procedures (SOP)
Bureaucratic Politics Model
individual actors
Bargaining/compromise
Presidential Management Model
presidential power to structure the process
Tools
the President uses to manage the process
The Concept of National Interest:
what are the threats to the US?
what role should the US take in the world?
Isolationism
Internationalism
Realism
-- power
Idealism
(Liberal Internationalism) -- values, law, interdependence
Policies 1789-1945
Pre-WW II Policies
US as a Regional Power
1.
Manifest Destiny
2.
Free Market economics
3.
Spreading Democracy
4.
Nervousness about Commitments
Explaining the Cold War
Realist explanation
Idealist explanation
The
theory of Communism
The
practice of Communism in the Soviet Union and China
Lenin
and Stalin
*Mao
Zedong
Economic Explanation
Early Cold War
US post-war acceptance of
internationalism
Republicans (stay a regional power)
vs. Democrats (become a global power)
Bipartisan consensus by 1950-52
*Eisenhower vs. “isolationist”
Republicans
*Eisenhower’s formal NSC style
*inclusion of all relevant advisors
*Planning Board
*Sestanovich’s
concept of maximalist and retrenchment cycle
*Maximalist presidents
*retrenchment presidents
1.
Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist policy
*Truman’s
definition of the threat and US role in the world
*Containment
*Greece and
Turkey
*Truman
Doctrine
*Containment
*George
Kennan and Mr. X article
The nature
of Stalin’s Soviet Union
Soviet
economics – command economy
Political
freedoms in Soviet Bloc?
*Soviet
Bloc achievements 1945-1950
*Division
of Europe – Iron Curtain
*NATO vs.
Warsaw Pact
*Divided
nations
*Spheres of
Influence
*NSC 68
Cold War as
Balance of Power
Premise:
Someone will order the international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it
2. Free
Markets
US hope to
spread free market capitalism
US belief
that only free markets can guarantee political freedoms
*Premise
underneath Marshall Plan – strong economies create strong middle classes who
are less likely to believe in Communism
International
economic system created by the US
IMF, World Bank, GATT
US economic
system created in 1940s – its relationship to globalization today
Criticism:
US only wanted to free markets so its companies had access to cheap land and
cheap labor
US response
to governments that threatened US economic interests?
Success in
N. America, W. Europe, N. E. Asia and some in SE Asia
Less
success/controversy in developing world
3.
Democracy Building
A. Success in W. Europe and N.E.
Asia
B. Overthrowing democratically
elected governments who lean too far to the left economically
*Iran 1953 (Eisenhower)
*Guatemala 1954
(Eisenhower)
*Attempt in Cuba 1961
(Eisenhower Plan; JFK policy)
*Chile 1973
(Nixon)
C. US support for fascist dictators
if they were anti-communist and capitalist
But US did push some toward
democracy if a chance arrived
1970s-1990s
– S. Korea and Taiwan
1986 --
Philippines and Haiti
D. US semi-alliances with
anti-Soviet Communists
Yugoslavia and China
(after 1969)
4.
Multilateralism
Build
global order
Use
international law, alliances and institutions
UN
NATO
IMF, World
Bank, GATT
5. Regional
Conflict
Outside
spheres of influence
*US-Soviet
competition
US and
Soviet involvement in civil wars, military coup, revolution
Angola
1970s– civil war becomes part of cold war
*China and
Taiwan
Rules of
regional conflict
6.
Deterrence and Forward Presence
Manhattan Project
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A-Bomb vs. H-Bomb
Deterrence
Preventing
action
Using
threats
Credibility
*Forward Presence
Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation
What never changed?
The Dilemma?
Intervention
Total War vs. Limited War
*Korean War
*Limited war in Korea
*Kim Il Sung
*Korean War
*UN resolution to intervene in Korea
*Collective Security
*MacArthur vs. Truman in Korea
*Escalation and stalemate in Korea
*Kennedy’s NSC
*Kennedy’s NSC Staff as a “mini-State
Dept.”
*Bay of Pigs
*Cuban Missile Crisis
*ExComm
Viet Nam
The context
*Vietnam as a cold war struggle
*Strategic Logic
*Domino Theory
*Political price of losing a nation
to Communism
*LBJ Tuesday Lunch Group and Vietnam
*LBJ and Groupthink on Vietnam (Rothkopf)
Overall dilemma
Can’t
lose; can’t win
*Coercive
diplomacy strategy
*Result: US war effort under LBJ
*Escalation
*Rolling Thunder bombing
Nixon’s War
Withdrawal, but sustained bombing
Implications
1.
Limitations
of US power
2.
Wisdom
of intervention questioned
3.
Nation-Building
4.
Nationalism
Engagement
Post-Vietnam
Changes
New Congressional power
War
Powers Act
Clark
Amendment
End of the foreign policy consensus
Vietnam Syndrome
The
Post-Vietnam Dilemma
Nixon-Kissinger
and Detente
*Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy
Process
*Nixon in charge
*Nixon distrust of State Dept.
*Kissinger running system on behalf
of Nixon
*Kissinger's and Nixon's shared
beliefs (realism)
Why détente?
1.
*Strategic
Parity
Soviet
buildup
2.
*Sino-Soviet
Split
*Mao
Zedong
3.
Vietnam
Syndrome
*Detente as Containment
*Detente to change Soviet behavior
*Linkage
Detente as Balance of Power
Détente Policies:
1.
SALT
Interim Agreement
ABMs and their effect on deterrence
ABM Treaty
2.
*Triangular
Diplomacy (This section relies on readings from Tucker, in particular)
*Chiang Kai-shek and US recognition of Taiwan as the real
China
*Nixon’s view of opening relations with China, pre-presidency
*Backchannels
*Kissinger's secret trip to China, July 1971
*Zhou Enlai
*Taiwan loses seat at UN
*US motivations
*The problem of Taiwan
*Shanghai Communique
Ford- Carter and the Challenges for
Detente
*Carter wants a team approach to
decisions (collegial)
*Carter's *Human Rights Policy
Exceptions to Human Rights policy:
*Iran
South Korea
*SALT II
Carter recognizes China
*Iranian revolution and US hostage
crisis
*Iran
as a US ally
*The Shah
*Ayatollah
Khomeini
*Perception
of US weakness
*Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
*Mujahedin
*US
support for Mujahedin
Arc of Crisis
*Brzezinski’s
view of Iran and Afghanistan: Soviet threat
*October War and oil embargo 1973
Carter’s new policies:
SALT
II
Defense
Buildup
*Carter
Doctrine
*RDJTF
and Central Command (Bacevich)
*Rescue
Mission
Confrontation
The Post-Détente Dilemma
Ronald Reagan
*Reagan's view of the world as he
entered office
*Reagan anti-communist idealism vs.
Nixon anti-Soviet realism
*Reagan’s view of detente
Reagan's view of the problems facing
the US:
1. Third Wave of Marxism and response
Reagan Doctrine
*Offensive strategy
*Rollback of Soviet gains
*US support for Mujaheedin
*rivalry
in Mujahedin (Bacevich)
*Pakistan’s role
2. Vietnam Syndrome and response
*Libya
*Operation Eldorado Canyon
Grenada
*Lebanon: Beirut intervention
*PLO
*Israeli invasion of Lebanon
*October
23, 1983 bombing
3. Decade of Neglect and response
Cases:
Nicaragua
Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN)
US Public Opinion
Reagan strategy in Central America
*Contras
*William
Casey
*Boland Amendment Number 2
*Reagan response
*private
funds
*foreign
countries
*Hostages in Lebanon
*Arms sales to Iran
*linkage of Contras and arms sales
*Oliver North
*hearings
*Indictments and convictions
End of the Cold War:
Soviet Succession
Yuri Andropov
Konstantin Chernenko
Mikhail Gorbachev
New Thinking
*Economic
restructuring (perestroika)
*Political
freedoms (glasnost)
Ending
the cold war
Ending
the Arms race
End
to regional conflict
Reagan and Bush responses
Freeing of Eastern Europe
USSR collapses
15
republics
August 1991 Coup