POLI/INTL 363: Summer 2009
Review Sheet: Exam I
Bill Newmann
This looks big, but don't worry.
If you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test (four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.
Please, any questions, come to office hours, call me up, whatever.
The exam itself will be 60 minutes long. It will consist of short
answer/identifications (choose 3 of
See the syllabus for the list of readings covered by this exam
List of terms:
presidential dominance in foreign Policy
congressional powers vs. presidential powers
commander-in-chief
Public Opinion
Executive Branch:
organization of departments in a hierarchy
Department of State
Department of Defense
Secretary of Defense
civilian control of the military
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of National Intelligence
National Security Council
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)
National Security Council Staff and its changing role
reasons why presidents have used NSC staff
difference between NSC and NSC staff
Analytical Model (Rational Policy Model)
cost-benefit analysis
Organizational Process Model
organizational interests
organizational competition
standard operating procedures (SOP)
Bureaucratic Politics Model
individual actors
Bargaining/compromise
Presidential Management Model
presidential power to structure the process
Tools the President uses to manage the process
access
Questions:
how decisions are made?
who makes decisions?
confidence/trust (to whom does the president listen)
The Concept of National Interest:
what
are the threats to the
what
role should the
Isolationism
Internationalism
Realism -- power
Idealism (Liberal Internationalism) -- values, law, interdependence
Policies 1789-1945
Monroe Doctrine
Spanish-American War
US as a Regional Power
Western Hemisphere and Pacific Power
WWI
Wilson's internationalism:
Rejection of Wilsonian internationalism (permanent role in European affairs)
US "Isolationism" -- a return to being a regional power
US entry into WW II
Early Cold War
US post-war acceptance of internationalism
*Republicans (stay a regional power) vs. Democrats (become a global power)
Bipartisan consensus by 1950-52
1. Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist
policy
*Truman’s definition of the threat
and
*Containment
*
*Truman Doctrine
The nature of Stalin’s
Soviet economics – command economy
Political freedoms
in Soviet Bloc?
*Soviet Bloc achievements 1945-1950
*Division of
*NATO vs.
*Divided nations
*Spheres of Influence
Cold War as Balance of Power
Premise: Someone will order the
international system: US doesn’t want the
Explaining the Cold War
Realist explanation
Idealist explanation
The theory of Communism
The practice of Communism
in the
Lenin and Stalin
Mao Zedong
Constructivist Explanation
Economic Imperialism Explanation
2. Free Markets
US hope to spread free market
capitalism
*Premise underneath Marshall Plan –
strong economies create strong middle classes who are less likely to believe in
Communism
International economic system
created by the
IMF,
World Bank, GATT
Criticism: US only wanted to free
markets so its companies had access to cheap land and cheap labor
Success in
Less success/controversy in
developing world
3.
A.
Success in
B.
Overthrowing democratically elected governments who lean too far to the left
economically
*
*
*Attempt
in
*
C.
US support for fascist dictators if they were anti-communist and capitalist
But
US did push some toward democracy if a chance arrived
1970s-1990s
–
1986
--
D.
4. Regional Conflict
Outside spheres of influence
*US-Soviet competition
US and Soviet involvement in civil
wars, military coup, revolution
*
Rules of regional conflict
5. Multilateralism
Build global order
Use international law, alliances and
institutions
UN
NATO
IMF, World Bank, GATT
6. Deterrence and Forward Presence
A-Bomb vs. H-Bomb
Deterrence
Preventing action
Using threats
Credibility
*Forward Presence
*Total War vs. Limited War
*Korean War
*Limited war in
*Kim Il Sung
*Korean War
*UN resolution to intervene in
*Collective Security
*MacArthur vs. Truman in
*Escalation and stalemate in
*
*Cuban Missile Crisis
Why it is important in US foreign relations
Vietnamese perception: struggle for independence against
Cold war perception: Viet Minh vs. French in anti-communist struggle
1956 division: North vs. South
North Vietnamese insurgent warfare
Early 1960s:
The logic of
Strategic Logic
Domino Theory
Domestic Political logic
Political price of losing a nation to Communism
Political-military logic
Overall dilemma
Can’t lose; can’t win
Coercive diplomacy strategy
Result: US war effort under LBJ
Escalation
Nixon’s War
Withdrawal, but sustained bombing
Implications
1. Limitations of US power
2. Nationalism
3. Ignorance
4. Use of Force
5. Domestic Politics
6.
Nixon-Kissinger and Detente:
Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy Process
Centralization of policy process in the White House
Kissinger's NSC Staff
Kissinger's and Nixon's shared beliefs (realism)
*Kissinger vs.
Strategic Parity
Soviet buildup
*Sino-Soviet Split
*Mao Zedong
Brezhnev Doctrine and Chinese reaction
Detente as Containment
Detente to change Soviet behavior
Linkage
Detente as Balance of Power
SALT
Interim Agreement
ABMs and their effect on deterrence
ABM Treaty
*Triangular Diplomacy
*Backchannels
*Kissinger's secret trip to
*
*The problem of
*Shanghai Communique
Ford- Carter and the Challenges for Detente
End of the foreign policy consensus
New Congressional power
War Powers Act
Carter's hopes for Cabinet government
Brzezinski's view of the world vs. Vance's view of the world
Brzezinski vs. Vance
The result
*Human Rights Policy
Exceptions to Human Rights policy
*SALT II
*Iranian revolution and
*Ayatollah Khomeini
*Perception of
*Soviet invasion of
Mujahadin
Carter begins to agree with Brzezinski: Arc of Crisis
Centralization of foreign policy in White House
Carter’s new policies:
SALT II
Defense Buildup
Carter Doctrine
*Rescue Mission
Ronald Reagan
*Reagan's view of the world
Reagan's view of the problems facing the
1. Third Wave of Marxism and response
Reagan Doctrine
Offensive strategy
Rollback
2.*Vietnam Syndrome and response
*Israeli Invasion of
*
*
*Hezbollah
3. Decade of Neglect and response
Cases:
Mujahadin
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
US Public Opinion
Reagan strategy in
Contras
William Casey
Boland Amendment Number 2
Reagan response
private funds
foreign countries
Purpose of Arms sales to
Arms to Moderates in
Transfer of Iranian arms deal funds to Contras