Review Sheet One

POLI/INTL 355

Spring 2021

This is a take home exam.

Basic Requirements

· March 9-12: I will place the exam in the Files folder of Canvas after class on March 9. It will be due back to me (emailed) by midnight on March 12 (as March 12 becomes March 13).

• Type or write the exam. 
• Either way, email me a file or pdf or even jpeg of the written answers by the deadline
• 11- or 12-point font
• One-inch margins
• Double-spaced
• Please use your name is the name of the file you send me.  I’d be happiest if you named the file like this: Your name Exam 1 POLI or INTL 355 (so if it was my exam, it would be Newmann Exam 1 POLI 355)
• The exam is open notes (so you can use your notes, the assigned books, the review sheet, and the PPT slides)
• I do not expect any outside research on this at all
• Each question has a specific page number target.  You can go over the limit, not a problem, but don’t go too far over the limit. You don’t need to.
• I think three hours will be enough time for you to write the exam and do well. You can take more time of course, as much as you need. The point here is that I don't think you need to spend hours and hours.
• It might be helpful to read the questions, then review your notes, and the review sheet.  Maybe make an outline of the essay. And then start to write.
• As always, the review sheets should be very helpful. You can use the review sheets while you take the exam. It might be a good organizational tool. 
• The PPT slides are also useful. They are my way of organizing the material, and they can serve that purpose for you too.

· Feel free to email me questions if you have them, but as usual, there are limits to how I can help you

The exam has two parts:

• Part 1: Short Answers: Choose 2 of 8: (20 points each; roughly one half of a page): Define the term and tell me why it’s important in the context of US foreign policy.
• Part 2: Essay: Choose 1 of 2: (60 points; roughly 3-4 pages). Each essay has several parts to it. Make sure to do all parts of the essay. There are choices even within the essay, so make sure you read the directions. A part of an essay may say “choose 3 of 5.” Don’t do all five.

And, important:

· Sharing this exam with anyone outside the class is a violation of the VCU Honor Code

· Working with another student in the class or anyone else while you take this exam is a violation of the VCU Honor Code

· As with any take home, the plagiarism rules that exist for research papers apply here. Your exams must be your written work. I will run this through the standard plagiarism programs as I do with all research papers.

This review looks big, but don't worry. If you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you. Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, form an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject of an essay. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of Chinese politics you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test, but you'll be able to figure out which ones.

Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.

If you have questions, email or come to office hours, or make an appointment.

Terms 

Political Culture and Political Development

Dynastic record -- Imperial China

4,000 years of a unified China; 5,000 years of Chinese political culture

Centralized, authoritarian rule

Order-chaos pattern (centralization-decentralization-recentralization)

Mongol and Manchu invasion – foreign invaders ruled as Chinese dynasties

Current CCP leaders understanding of the political legacy of the dynastic periods

Fear of decentralization that might lead to chaos

Nationalism and a return to power for China

China as the center of the world

Isolation from barbarians

Confucian political thought

Confucius (Kong Fu Zi)

Unity of political and social order

Hierarchy

Harmony and balance

Emperor's role

Mandate of Heaven

Factional rivalries among ruling elites

Family role

Women's role

Legalism (Han Fei)

Not harmony/balance, but order

Law enforcement

Strict imperial control

Ideology

Bureaucracy

Control

Spread of ideology

Creation of Modern Nation-State

Internal weaknesses

Qing Dynasty

Why did the fall of the Qing dynasty was the fall of Imperial China

External forces

European and Japanese encroachment

Opium War (China vs. Britain)

"100 years of Humiliation"

Nationalist Movement

Sun Yat-Sen

Kuomintang - KMT (Guomindang - GMD)

Republicanism

Three Principles of the People

Communist movement

Qing falls; Republican era begins

Warlords and civil war

Chiang Kai-shek

KMT vs. CCP

Sino-Japanese War

Chinese Civil War

Communist Era

Order-chaos fulfilled (chaos 1911-1949)?

But new ideology created to rule next period of order

Mao Dynasty?

How Mao’s revolution is defined

The importance of nationalism

Communism in China

Marx/Engels

Lenin

Mao

Peasant revolution

Mass Line

Campaigns/continuous revolution

Government Structure

1. Dual structure

Party is more powerful than government; party role for individuals is what gives them power

2. Factional and personal rivalries

Real power/decision making is at the very top

3. Formal vs. Informal

Formal structure (hierarchical pyramid of committees)

Work unit

Government structure

National People's Congress

NPC Standing Committee

State Council

Premier

Commissions and ministries

Standing Committee of State Council

Judicial branch

Party structure

National Party Congress

Central Committee

*Politburo

Party Secretariat

*General Secretary

*Standing Committee of Politburo

Factional politics

Party role counts, so factional debates are at level of party leadership

Mao era: 1949-1976: Mao vs. everyone else

fate of number 2 in party when they challenged or seemed to challenge Mao

Reform Era:

consensus decision making:

conservatives vs. reformers over the pace of reform

Factional allies, loyalists, and power bases

Intra-party democracy

Succession process

 Xi era: Xi wins

No successor chosen

*Leading Small Groups

Public Policy -- Mao's China

Remaking China into a Communist state, a revolutionary state

A series of campaigns

*Collectivization

Industrialization

Command Economy

Dictatorship of the CCP – no rivals allowed

Failure of Mao’s efforts

Campaigns

The elements of a campaign

100 Flowers movement

*Great Leap Forward

*Collectivization

*Experimentation

The results

Mao faces challengers over GLF

*factionalism

Cultural Revolution

Goals

Four Olds

Red Guards

Factionalism

Fate of #2 in the Party

Death of Zhou Enlai

Death of Mao

Succession

Three Factions

Pragmatists under Deng Xiaoping

Hua Guofeng

Gang of Four

Gang of Four arrested

Deng Xiaoping consolidates power

Public Policy -- Deng's China

*Economics -- massive reform

*End of isolation

No political challenges to CCP

Consensus decisions at the top

economic reforms = economic freedoms: what is the impact of that on politics?

Economics

December 1978

Priority of economic modernization

Four Modernizations

*Capitalist reforms

*End of collectivization of agriculture

*agricultural experiments that pre-date 1978

*Entrepreneurship

*Relaxed planning

*state owned enterprises still dominate (SOEs)

*open door trade policy

*Special Economic Zones

*Foreign Direct Investment

*Attracting Foreign Investment

*Export Power

Greater Chinese Economy

*Pace of reforms: the new factional battle

Speed up vs. Slow down

*Bird cage analogy

The results of economic reform

*Economic Boom

*Greatest generation of wealth in world history

*Modernization in special zones

New ideology -- "To Get Rich Is Glorious"

*Inequality

*deterioration of infrastructure in some places and new everything other places

*Social mobility

*Generational differences

*urbanization

*the boom and wealth in cities vs. rural areas

Ideological justification for reforms

Deng Xiaoping Theory

CPC primacy

Why reform?

Impact of cultural revolution

*Failure of Mao’s economy

Lessons of Japan and Four Tigers

Death of Mao

 *how the CPC benefits from economic reforms

Four Cardinal Principles

Politics

Three cases: 1978/79, 1986, 1989

· Demands for political reform followed economic reform

· CCP seemed to encourage limited debate on limited issues, but it clearly saw a limit to that debate and crushed the debate/dissent/protests

· Each incident led to a factional battle about how to respond

Movements:

Democracy Wall

Wei Jingsheng and the 5^th Modernization

1986 demonstrations

Hu Yaobang

*Tiananmen Square

*Zhao Ziyang

Li Peng

Martial law

June 4

Meaning of Tiananmen Square

Spring 1992 Southern Tour of Deng Xiaoping

Message -- economic growth, but no political change

creation of politically agnostic capitalists?

*The fate of dissidents (Ai Weiwei or Liu Xiaobo)

*balancing attempts at freedom of the press

China's Future:

The Eras

The Party

Deng Xiaoping Theory as the current ideology

*Socialist market economy

economic modernization as priority

Nationalism

CPC leadership

Intra-party democracy

*Xi Jinping’s rule (from lectures and Economy book)

Cracking down on dissent/free speech

1. *Anti-corruption

To maintain legitimacy

2. Anti-western

Confucianism for legitimacy

Confucianism as an alternative to western ideology globally

3. Chinese Dream

Deng: low profile

*Xi’s Chinese Dream

*Rich nation; powerful nation

*Dilemma: alienate the region

*South China Sea and Nine Dash Line

* Belt and Road Initiative

4. Campaigns to Mobilize

Xi Jinping App

Great Firewall of China

50 Cent Army

Social Credit System

Web resistance

Winnie the Pooh

Grass Mud Horse

From Economy book

*as “Third Revolution”

*as the core leader

*Patriotic loyalty

*Crackdown on dissent and alternate ideas

*Factional Battles: end of collective leadership; Xi wins all battles

*No successor

*slowing down economic liberalization

*cracking down on dissent, speech

*policing the internet

*Great Firewall

*Great Cannon

*Social credit scores

*instead of blocking information, manipulating it, overwhelming it with pro-Xi, pro-CPC messages

*elevation of Confucianism as ideology of the nation

*return of campaigns

*Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream

*Legitimacy of CPC and the return of a powerful China in world affairs

*desire for Great Power Status

*2008 western recession as “inflection point”

*Belt and Road Initiative

*South China Sea claims

*Trade policy: leadership and tying nations to China (AIIB, RCEP)

*China as alternative model/leader

*Xi’s campaign on the environment

*air pollution problem

Economy

State Capitalism and Beijing Consensus

*Economic growth forever?

impact of slow growth/recession?

Can economic growth last forever?

What happens if it doesn’t?

The relationship between economic growth or lack of growth and political change

Great Depression and politics

1997 East Asian recession and politics

Economic problems

*SOEs

*zombie SOEs

*Labor unrest/mass incidents

*Corruption

*migrant worker problems

Political Development

*Emphasis on stability

Can you create politically agnostic capitalists?

The Singapore model

“guided democracy”

Democratic Transition Model

Taiwan example

Add economic/political crisis

*Chinese model of authoritarian capitalism

*Liu Xiaobo and Charter 08

Hong Kong Protests: Lesson for the future?

HK and one country; two systems

Umbrella Movement

2019 and Extradition Law

National Security Law

Fate of Demosisto
Arrests in 2021 over election primaries in 2020