POLI/
Exam
1 Review Sheet
The
exam will consist of two sections:
·
Short answers:
Choose 2 of 7. I will choose 7 terms
from this review sheet and you will choose 2 of those to answer. I’m looking for 5-6 sentences that define the
term and tell me why it is important in the context of Chinese politics.
·
Essay: I will
write two essay questions. You will
choose one to answer. The essay
questions will be straightforward, but they are designed to make you think
about Chinese politics and to allow you to use your knowledge of Chinese
politics to answer the question.
·
You will have one
hour one hour and 15 minutes for the exam.
This
review looks big, but don't worry. If
you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to
you. Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, form an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them
might be the subject of an essay. Usually, you can't explain a single term
without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or
two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits
into the larger scheme of Chinese politics you're doing fine. Some terms, however,
are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the
test (four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
If
you have questions, email or come to office hours, or make an appointment.
Terms
Political Culture and Political
Development
Dynastic record -- Imperial China
4,000 years of a unified
Centralized, authoritarian rule
Order-chaos pattern
(centralization-decentralization-recentralization)
Mongol and Manchu invasion – foreign
invaders ruled as Chinese dynasties
Current CCP leaders understanding of
the political legacy of the dynastic periods
Fear
of decentralization that might lead to chaos
Nationalism
and a return to power for
Isolation
from barbarians
Confucian political thought
Confucius (Kong Fu Zi)
Unity of political and social order
Hierarchy
Harmony
and balance
Emperor's role
Heaven's
Mandate
Factional
rivalries among ruling elites
Family role
Women's
role
Legalism (Han Fei)
Not harmony/balance, but order
Law enforcement
Strict imperial control
Confucian rhetoric; legalism
implementation
Ideology
Bureaucracy
Control
Spread
of ideology
Taxes
Creation of Modern Nation-State
Internal weaknesses
Qing Dynasty
Why did the fall of the Qing dynasty
was the fall of Imperial China
External forces
European and Japanese encroachment
Opium War (
"100
years of Humiliation"
Nationalist Movement
Sun
Yat-Sen
Kuomintang
- KMT (Guomindang - GMD)
Republicanism
Three
Principles of the People
Communist movement
Qing falls; Republican era begins
Warlords and civil war
Chiang Kai-shek
KMT vs. CCP
KMT victory
Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Civil War
Communist Era
Order-chaos
fulfilled (chaos 1911-1949)?
But
new ideology created to rule next period of order
Mao Dynasty?
Confucian vs. Communism or blend of
Confucianism and Communism
Mao’s legitimacy based on?
The
importance of nationalism
Communism in
Marx/Engels
Lenin
Mao
Peasant
revolution
Mass
Line
Campaigns/continuous
revolution
Government Structure
Party is more powerful than
government; party role for individuals is what gives them power
Real power/decision making is at the
very top and based on factional rivalries
No opposition to CCP allowed
Formal structure (hierarchical pyramid of committees)
Work unit
Government structure
National People's Congress
NPC Standing Committee
State Council
Premier
Commissions
and ministries
Standing Committee of State Council
Judicial branch
Government role is implementation
Party structure
National Party Congress
Central Committee
Bureaucracies
*Politburo
Party
Secretariat
*General
Secretary
*Standing Committee of Politburo
Factional politics
Party role
counts, so factional debates are at level of party leadership
1949-1976:
Mao vs. everyone else
fate of number 2 in party when they
challenged or seemed to challenge Mao
Since 1979:
consensus
decision making:
conservatives
vs. reformers over the pace of reform
Factional
allies, loyalists, and power bases
Public Policy -- Mao's
Remaking
A series of
campaigns
*Collectivization
Industrialization
Command Economy
Dictatorship of the CCP – no rivals
allowed
Failure of Mao’s efforts
Campaigns
The
elements of a campaign
100 Flowers movement
*Great Leap Forward
*Collectivization
*Experimentation
Mao
faces challengers over GLF
*factionalism
Cultural Revolution
Goals
Four
Olds
Red
Guards
Factionalism
Fate of #2 in the Party
Death of Zhou Enlai
Death of Mao
Succession
Three Factions
Pragmatists
under Deng Xiaoping
Hua
Guofeng
Gang
of Four
Gang of Four arrested
Deng Xiaoping consolidates power
Public Policy -- Deng's
*Economics -- massive reform
*End of isolation
No political challenges to CCP
Consensus decisions at the top
economic reforms = economic freedoms: what
is the impact of that on politics?
Economics
December 1978
Priority of economic modernization
Four
Modernizations
*Capitalist reforms
*End
of collectivization of agriculture
*agricultural
experiments that pre-date 1978
*Entrepreneurship
*Relaxed
planning
*state
owned enterprises still dominate (SOEs)
*open door trade policy
*Special Economic Zones
*Foreign Direct Investment
*Attracting Foreign Investment
*Export Power
Greater
Chinese Economy
*Pace of reforms: the new factional
battle
Speed
up vs. Slow down
*Bird cage analogy
The results of economic reform
*Economic Boom
*Greatest generation of wealth in
world history
*Modernization in special zones
New ideology -- "To Get Rich Is
Glorious"
*Inequality
*deterioration of infrastructure in some
places and new everything other places
*Social mobility
*Generational differences
*urbanization
*the boom and wealth in cities vs.
rural areas
*internet and the Great Firewall of
China
*individuality in the reform-era China
Ideological justification for reforms
Deng Xiaoping Theory
CPC primacy
Why reform?
Impact
of cultural revolution
*Failure
of Mao’s economy
Lessons
of
Death of Mao
*how
the CPC bebefits from economic reforms
Politics
Three cases: 1978/79, 1986, 1989
Demands for political reform followed
economic reform
CCP seemed to encourage limited debate
on limited issues, but it clearly saw a limit to that debate and crushed the
debate/dissent/protests
Each incident led to a factional
battle about how to respond (Important: make sure you understand the factional
battle at each of these junctures)
Movements:
Democracy Wall
Wei
Jingsheng and the 5th Modernization
1986 demonstrations
Hu
Yaobang
*Tiananmen Square
*Zhao
Ziyang
Li
Peng
Martial
law
June
4
Meaning of
Spring 1992 Southern Tour of Deng
Xiaoping
Message -- economic growth, but no
political change
creation
of politically agnostic capitalists?
*The fate of dissidents (Ai Weiwei or
Liu Xiaobo)
*balancing attempts at freedom of the
press
China's Future:
The Party
Deng Xiaoping Theory as the current
ideology
*Socialist
market economy
economic modernization as priority
Nationalism
CPC
leadership
the
extent of freedom of speech/press
the
limits – organization
Falun
Gong example
Where
does the Communist party gain legitimacy?
Intra-party democracy
Xi Jinping’s rule
as the core leader
anti-corruption
Patriotic loyalty
Crackdown on dissent and alternate
ideas
Factional Battles
Economy
Economic growth forever?
impact of slow growth/recession?
The relationship between economic
growth or lack of growth and political change
Economic problems
*SOEs
*Labor unrest/mass incidents
*Corruption
*migrant worker problems
Political Development
*Emphasis on stability
Village Elections
Can you create politically agnostic
capitalists?
The
“guided
democracy”
Economic development and Political
Change: The model
Add
economic/political crisis
*Chinese model of authoritarian
capitalism
*Lessons of Bo Xilai
*no cult of personality
*Liu Xiaobo and Charter 08
Scenarios for the Future?
Chen and Wu (I won’t test you on the
details of each story. The important
ideas are those that are part of each story)
*Triple Agri”
*Protests against local government
*the
issues: taxes, home demolitions, local corruption, police misconduct, local
officials ignoring the law
*When peasants disagree with the local
officials: the results?
*Household Contract responsibility
System
*Hoping the central government will
save the people from local government