POLI/INTL
363: Fall 2020
Review
Sheet: Exam I
Bill
Newmann
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class, or viewed the lectures, and done all the reading, nothing here
should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might
be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's
foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are
filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test
(four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Remember that you have the PPT
slides. They are a version of this review sheet.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
This
a take home exam. The following instructions are the same as on the syllabus.
You have roughly two days to complete the exam.
It will consist of two parts:
·
Part 1: Short
Answers: Choose 2 of 8 (or more): (20
points each; roughly one half of a page): I’ll have a list of terms taken
directly from the review sheet. Define the term and tell me why it’s important in
the context of US foreign policy.
·
Part 2: Essay: Choose
1 of 2 (maybe 3): (60 points; roughly 3-4
pages). Each essay has several parts
to it. Make sure to do all parts of the
essay. There are choices even within the essay, so make sure you read the
directions. A part of an essay may say “choose 3 of 5.” Don’t do all five.
How does a take home exam work?
·
The midterm will be placed in the Course Documents
folder on September 30 at about 9:00 AM. Due by midnight on
October 1 (as October 1 becomes October 2, but that deadline is a soft one;
don't sweat an extra hour or so).
·
Type or write the exam.
·
Either way, email me a file or pdf or even jpeg of the written
answers by the deadline
·
11- or 12-point font
·
One-inch margins
·
Double-spaced
·
Please use your name is the name of the file you send
me. I’d be happiest if you named the file like this: Your name Exam
1 POLI 363 (so if it was my exam, it would be Newmann Exam 1 POLI 363)
·
The exam is open notes (so you can use your notes, the book, the review
sheet, and the PPT slides
·
I do not expect any outside research on this at all
·
Each question has a specific page number target. You can go
over the limit, not a problem, but don’t go too far over the limit. You don’t
need to.
·
I think two to three hours will be enough time
for you to write the exam and do well. You can take more time of course, as
much as you need. The point here is that I don't think you end to spend
hours and hours.
·
It might be helpful to read the questions, then review your notes,
and the review sheet. Maybe make an outline of the essay. And then start
to write.
·
As always, the review sheets should be very helpful. You can use
the review sheets while you take the exam. It might be a good organizational
tool.
·
Feel free to email me questions if you have them, but as usual,
there are limits to how I can help you.
And, important:
·
Sharing this exam with anyone outside the class is a violation of
the VCU Honor Code
·
Working with another student in the class or anyone else while you
take this exam is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
·
As with any take home,
the plagiarism rules that exist for research papers apply
here. Your exams must be your written work. I will run this through the
standard plagiarism programs as I do with all research papers
List of terms:
presidential dominance in foreign Policy
congressional powers vs. presidential powers in
the constitution
commander-in-chief
Two Presidencies Theory
US v. Curtiss-Wright (its meaning,
not the details)
Public Opinion: who makes foreign
policy” President or congress?
What is congressional power?
Ways presidents get around checks and
balances?
Executive Branch:
organization of departments in a hierarchy
*National Security Act of 1947 (all
the things it created)
Department of State
Department of Defense
Secretary
of Defense
civilian control of the military
Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Unified Command Plan
Intelligence Community
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of National Intelligence
Congressional Oversight
*National Security Council
*members
and advisers
*purpose
of NSC: coordination
*Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)
*National Security Council Staff and
its changing role
*memorandum
(directive) that establishes decision making structure
*reasons
why presidents have used NSC staff
*influence
of NSC Staff
*where
NSC Staffers come from typically
*difference between NSC and NSC staff
(Very important!!!! If you don’t know this, you’ll be sad on exam day)
Decision Making
Analytical Model (Rational Policy
Model) (Rational Choice)
cost-benefit analysis
Organizational Process Model
organizational interests
organizational competition
standard operating procedures (SOP)
Policy
= compromise among SOPs
Bureaucratic Politics Model
individual actors
Policy
= Bargaining/compromise
Presidential Management Model
presidential power to structure the process
Why
the president wants to manage the process
Tools the President uses to manage
the process
*FDR style of not telling
anyone anything
*Truman NSC Staff and NSC-68
*Eisenhower’s Planning Board
The Concept of National Interest:
what are the threats to the US?
what role should the US take in the world?
Isolationism (really regional power
only) 1919-1941
Internationalism
Realism
-- power (T. Roosevelt, Nixon, Bush 41)
Idealism
(Liberal Internationalism; Wilsonianism) -- values,
law, interdependence
(Wilson,
Carter, Reagan, Clinton)
Nationalism (Trump)
The
question of leadership
What all
great powers want
If the US
doesn’t make the rules, will someone else?
WW II,
Cold War, Anarchy?
Policies 1789-1945
Pre-WW II: US as a Regional Power
League of
Nations decision
Post-WW II Choice: regional power or
global power
Explaining the Cold War
Realist explanation
Idealist explanation
The
theory of Communism
The
practice of Communism in the Soviet Union and China
Soviet economics – command economy
Lenin
and Stalin
Mao
Zedong
Economic Explanation
Early Cold War
US post-war acceptance of
internationalism
*Eisenhower vs. “isolationist”
Republicans
*Sestanovich’s
concept of maximalist and retrenchment cycle
*Maximalist presidents
*retrenchment presidents
Cold War Policies
1.
Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist policy
*Truman’s
definition of the threat and US role in the world
*Containment
*Greece and
Turkey
*Truman
Doctrine
*Soviet
Bloc achievements 1945-1950
*Division
of Europe – Iron Curtain
*NATO vs.
Warsaw Pact
*Divided
nations
*Spheres of
Influence
Cold War as
Balance of Power
Premise:
Someone will order the international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it
2. Free
Markets (see ppt slide)
US hope to
spread free market capitalism
US belief
that only free markets can guarantee political freedoms
Free trade
leads to prosperity
Free trade
leads to peace
*Premise
underneath Marshall Plan – (see PPT slide)
International
economic system created by the US
IMF, World Bank, GATT
US economic
system created in 1940s – its relationship to globalization today
Criticism: US
only wanted to free markets so its companies had access to cheap land and cheap
labor
US response
to governments that threatened US economic interests?
Results of
US economic system since 1945: greatest generation of wealth in world history
Success in
N. America, W. Europe, N. E. Asia and some in SE Asia
Less
success/controversy in developing world
3.
Democracy Building
A. Success in W. Europe and N.E.
Asia
B. Overthrowing democratically
elected governments who lean too far to the left economically
*Iran 1953 (Eisenhower)
*Guatemala 1954
(Eisenhower)
*Chile 1973
(Nixon)
C. US support for fascist dictators
if they were anti-communist and capitalist (Realism?)
D. US semi-alliances with
anti-Soviet Communists
China (Nixon)
4.
Multilateralism
Build
global order
Use
international law, alliances and institutions
UN
NATO
IMF, World
Bank, GATT
5. Regional
Conflict
*US-Soviet
competition
US and
Soviet involvement in civil wars, military coup, revolution
Angola
1970s– civil war becomes part of cold war
Rules of
regional conflict (2)
6.
Deterrence and Forward Presence
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Deterrence
Nuclear
Triad
Preventing
action
Using
threats
Credibility
*Forward Presence
Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation
Strategy 1: Intervention
Total War vs. Limited War
*Korean War
*Limited war in Korea
*Kim Il Sung
*Korean War
*UN resolution to intervene in Korea
*Collective Security
*MacArthur vs. Truman in Korea
*Escalation and stalemate in Korea
Viet Nam
The context
*Kennedy and Vietnam: Counterinsurgency
policy
*Vietnam as a cold war struggle
*Vietnam as containment
*Domino Theory
Overall dilemma
Can’t
lose; can’t win
Counterinsurgency
*Coercive
diplomacy strategy
Nixon’s War
Withdrawal, but sustained bombing
Post-Vietnam
Changes
Vietnam Syndrome
End of the foreign policy consensus
New Congressional power
War
Powers Act
Clark
Amendment
Strategy 2: Engagement
Nixon-Kissinger
and Detente
*Kissinger's and Nixon's shared
beliefs (realism)
Why détente?
1.
*Strategic
Parity
Soviet
buildup
2.
*Sino-Soviet
Split
*Mao
Zedong
3.
Vietnam
Syndrome
*Detente as Containment
Detente as Balance of Power
*Nixon and Kissinger centralization
of decisions
*Secrecy and bombing of Cambodia 1969
*Vietnamization
Détente Policies:
1.
SALT
Interim Agreement
ABM Treaty
2.
*Triangular
Diplomacy
*Taiwan vs. China
*Kissinger's secret trip to China, July 1971
*Shanghai Communique
Ford- Carter and the Challenges for
Detente
*October War and oil embargo (Bacevich)
*Iranian revolution and US hostage
crisis
*Iran
as a US ally
*The Shah
*Ayatollah
Khomeini
*Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
*Mujahedin
*US
support for Mujahedin
Arc of Crisis
*Brzezinski’s
view of Iran and Afghanistan: Soviet threat
Carter’s new policies:
SALT
II
Defense
Buildup
*Carter
Doctrine
*RDJTF
and Central Command (Bacevich)
*Rescue
Mission
Strategy 3: Confrontation
*Reagan's view of the world as he
entered office
*Reagan anti-communist idealism vs.
Nixon anti-Soviet realism
*Reagan’s view of detente
Reagan's view of the problems facing
the US:
1. Third Wave of Marxism and response
Reagan Doctrine
*Offensive strategy
*Rollback of Soviet gains
*US support for Mujaheedin
*rivalry
in Mujahedin (Bacevich)
*Pakistan’s role
2. Vietnam Syndrome and response
Grenada
*Lebanon: Beirut intervention
*PLO
*Israeli invasion of Lebanon
*October
23, 1983 bombing
3. Decade of Neglect and response
Iran-Contra
*Disarray at Reagan’s NSCD
*A Directive on NSC operations after
a year in office (NSDD-2)
*US aid to Contras
*Congressional attempt to restrict
aid (Boland Amendment)
*Reagan response
*private
funds
*foreign
countries
*Hostages in Lebanon
*Arms sales to Iran
*linkage of Contras and arms sales
*Oliver North
*hearings
*Indictments and convictions
End of the Cold War:
Soviet Succession
Mikhail Gorbachev
New Thinking
*Economic
restructuring (perestroika)
*Political
freedoms (glasnost)
Ending
the cold war
Ending
the Arms race
End
to regional conflict
Freeing of Eastern Europe
USSR collapses
15
republics
August 1991 Coup
Why did the Soviets begin reform?
Why did the Cold War end?
Bush 41
Bush's Realism
Bush background
Post-Cold War national security
environment
few threats
choice of where and when to intervene
Bush Foreign Policy:
Realism
with idealist rhetoric?
*Iran-Iraq War
*US leans toward Iraq
*Tanker War
*USS Stark
*US shoots down Iranian air line
*The Gulf War:
*The Gulf as an idealist crusade
against aggression
*Defending Saudi Arabia
*The New World Order
*The
United Nations
*Multilateral
coalition
*fighting
aggression
upholding international law
*Air war
*Ground war
Iraq surrenders and the terms of its
surrender
Must
give up WMD
Inspections
New World Order? Bush Idealism? Or
something else?
Other factors to consider:
1.
Economic: OIL
2.
Multilateralism?
Armed
Forces participating
3.
Realism:
*Why
leave Saddam Hussein in power
*The breakup of Iraq?
*Iranian
power
Somalia
Civil war and drought
Humanitarian Military Intervention