HSEP 301
(POLI/CRJS 367)
Fall
2017
Review 1
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of terms,
obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in
order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be
the subject of an essay. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger issues and concepts related to terrorism, you're doing fine. Some terms,
however, are filled with enough significance to be short
answers/identifications on the test (four or five sentences), but you'll be
able to figure out which ones.
The exam questions will ask you to think about the key
issues we talked about in class. They
require an understanding of some of the concepts we examined. One example of these types of issues would be
to think of the lecture on why some organizations use political violence and
why some individuals join terrorist groups.
Understanding the theories we discussed in class and how they may relate
to historical events will be important.
Terms
with (*) in front of them are from the readings. They may or may not have been included in the
lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.
Please,
any questions, come to office hours or send me an email.
Defining
Terrorism
*The French Revolution definition
*Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will activities and purpose)
*The range of official definitions
*Hoffman’s definition
Modern
Definition
1.
*Political Agenda
*Terrorism is agenda setting
Success of Palestinian terrorism in
agenda setting
2.
Violence as the method
*Terrorism as a weapon of the weak
*Asymmetric warfare
*Attacking the enemy by causing it pain
and creating fear
Al-Qaeda’s hope: US will feel the
pain/fear and withdraw from the Middle East or US will overreact and incite
greater resistance to US in the region and globally
The Terrorist Logic (from PPT slide)
Madrid Bombing 2004
3.
*Civilians as targets
*Civilian as audience and civilian as
target
4.
*Publicity
*choice of targets (Hoffman)
5.
*Non-State Actors?
Key
Issues
Terrorism as crime vs. terrorism as
warfare
Categories/Typologies
for terrorist groups
Ideological
Ethno-national
Narco-terrorism
Religious nationalism
Differences between the different types
Why a typology is useful for
counterterrorism
Current
trends
Religious nationalism
Development of weapons of mass
destruction capability
Globalization’s role
impact of global travel
impact of global finance
impact of global communication
Independence of terrorist groups
state-sponsored vs. independent groups
Terrorist network structures
Does terrorism work? Arguments for and
against
On not confusing ends (political goals)
with means (methods of achieving those goals)
History
of Terrorism
Terrorism is not new
Zealots, assassins, thugs
*First
Wave of modern terrorism
*assassinations
*as revolutionary
Second
Wave
*Ethnonationalism
*Palestine
*Menachem Begin
*Irgun
*Goals? Success?
*Algeria
*FLN
*Urban Trrorism
*Goals? Success?
Third
Wave
*State-sponsored terrorism (Hoffman)
*Leftist groups in Europe and Japan
*RAF (Baader-Meinhof
Group)
*PLO as tutor
Soviet role
*PLO goals and strategy
*internationalization strategy
*Black September Organization and 1972
Munich Olympics
*Publicity equals success?
Fourth
Wave
Global and religious
*The range of religious terrorist
attacks in the 1990s (Hoffman)
*Characteristics of religious terrorism
desire for mass casualties
*Salafist Radical Terrorism
*Wahhabi ideas
*Qutb
*AQ vs. Muslim Brotherhood
*The religious roots: Saudi Arabia and Qutb’s role
Iranian revolution
*Afghan war vs. Soviets
*“Jihadis” or
non-Afghans who came to Afghanistan
*alliance against the USSR and backing
for mujahadin
*role of US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan
*role of Madrassas (Saudi funded
religious schools)
*Soviet defeat: all the vets of the
Afghan war go home and launch local “jihad” against their governments
*Taliban
Have a strong knowledge of the PPT
Figure on the Origins of Fourth Wave Terrorism
*Radical Islamic Ideology
Where transnationalists
and nationalists share ideas
Where Transnationalists
and nationalists disagree
Example of each type
Fifth
Wave
Lone Wolves
Characteristics
*and the internet
Al-Qaeda
Origins,
Objectives, Doctrines
*In Afghanistan
*The anti-Soviet alliance
*mujahedin
*The foreign fighters or “Jihadis”
*The jihadi recruitment organization
run by bin-Laden
*Abdullah Azzam
*AQ’s founding
The 1990 Gulf War and Bin-Laden’s offer
to Saudi Arabia
Saudi King turns him down, throws him
out
*in Sudan
*Goals in Middle East
*Global goal: recreation of the
caliphate
*1998 fatwa
*Ideological influence of Sayyid Qutb
*Influence of Muslim Brotherhood in
Egypt
*AQ and the Taliban
Leadership
and leadership structure
*Osama bin-Laden’s background
*Ayman al-Zawahiri background
*Decentralization, regional nodes,
cells
*Central leadership
*Cells
*Regional nodes and entrepreneurship
Corporate/Hierarchical vs. network
model
Types of networks
*Links to regional groups
*global
reach of Al-Qaeda
*Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
*different level of affiliations with
AQ
Support
for Al-Qaeda
*Training of recruits
*method of recruiting
*where does AQ recruit?
*use of civil wars as training ground:
Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria
Ethnic makeup of membership
*Funding
Hawala
*infiltration
of Islamic charities
*cost of operations (expensive or
cheap?) (Hoffman)
*In Sudan
*In alliance with Taliban
Strategy
and Tactics
*The Debate: Near or Far Enemy
*Why attack the US?
*AQ strategies (Byman)
*attrition
*undermine morale
*Naji: The
Management of Savagery
Tactics
*and suicide bombing
*and lone wolves
*Operations: Hit the US
*Create global network to match US
global reach
*Maximize casualty level
*Lessons
of Beirut 1983 and Somalia 1993
*1993 Trade Center attack
*Embassy attacks 1998
*Khalid Sheikh Mohammad (KSM) and 9/11
AQ Evolution
*The Iraq War
*AQI
*Saudi citizens and AQ vs. Saudi
government and AQ
*AQ Affiliates
*AQAP
*AQIM
*AQ “franchise” concept
*Evolution of AQAM since 2001 in terms
of style of organization and strategy (the very colorful PPT slide)
*ISIS/ISIL/Daesh
*al-Baghdadi
*Zarqawi
*ISIS vs. AQ
*Jabhat al-Nusra (al-Nusra Front, AQ
affiliate in Syria)
*ISIS goals
Who and Why Lecture
Why do some organizations and individuals
Choose terrorism as a strategy?
1. Strategic or Instrumental Model
(Rational Choice)
cost-benefit analysis
when is violence a “rational” choice?
as a response to repression of minority group: LTTE or
Hezbollah
Asymmetric warfare
Palestinian terrorism after 1967
Impact of Six Day War on Islamic
radical ideologues
2. Realist Model
Power matters
Demonstrating your power
3. Democracy as a factor
Debate on whether Democracies produce
terrorists
as targets
authoritarian states as the breeding ground for
terrorists
negotiating an end to terrorism with democracies
4. Ethno-nationalism
5. Expectation-Frustration-Aggression
Davies J-Curve
6.Resource Mobilization Theory
Who joins a terrorist group and why?
Leaders vs. Members
1. *Poverty and Lack of Education
thesis
terrorists: above average education and income
for their nations
Demographic profile of a terrorist
2. Ideology
3. Economic Factors
underemployment/over-education
4. Transitions
5. Alienation, humiliation, identity
grievance
6. Social networks
socialization
7. Prison, torture, revenge
8. *money
Terrorism
in the US
KKK
Puerto Rican Nationalist attacks on US
House of Representatives
Weathermen/Weather Underground
Modern
Extreme Right
*Oklahoma City
*Timothy McVeigh
Atlanta Olympic Bombing
Anthrax Letters Fall 2001
*Merger of most radical Evangelical
Christianity beliefs with White Supremacy (Klan, Nazis)
*militias
The Groups:
Christian Identity movement
Christian Patriots
*Aryan Nations
*Elements of the ideology
*Pure Faith
*White Supremacy
*Male Domination
*Focus on the Endtimes/apocalypse
*Anti-non-Christian
*Anti-government – ZOG
*Ties to mainstream groups
*Turner Diaries
*Use of web
*Who joins
*Leaderless resistance
*Waco Texas and Branch Davidians
*Aum Shinrikyo