POLI/INTL
363: Fall 2009
Review
Sheet: Exam I
Bill
Newmann
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might
be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's
foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger scheme of
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
Please,
any questions, come to office hours, call me up,
whatever.
You
will have the entire class period to take the exam. It will consist of:
short
answer/identifications (choose 3 of
The PPT slideshow on the
List of terms:
presidential dominance in foreign
Policy
congressional powers vs. presidential
powers
commander-in-chief
Public Opinion
Executive Branch:
organization of departments in a
hierarchy
Department of State
Department of Defense
Secretary
of Defense
civilian
control of the military
Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of National Intelligence
National Security Council
Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)
National Security Council Staff and
its changing role
reasons
why presidents have used NSC staff
difference between NSC and NSC staff
Analytical Model (Rational Policy
Model)
cost-benefit
analysis
Organizational Process Model
organizational
interests
organizational
competition
standard
operating procedures (SOP)
Bureaucratic Politics Model
individual
actors
Bargaining/compromise
Presidential Management Model
presidential
power to structure the process
Tools
the President uses to manage the process
access
Questions:
how
decisions are made?
who
makes decisions?
confidence/trust
(to whom does the president listen)
The Concept of National Interest:
what are the threats to the
what role should the
Isolationism
Internationalism
Realism
-- power
Idealism
(Liberal Internationalism) -- values, law, interdependence
Policies 1789-1945
Monroe Doctrine
Spanish-American War
US
as a Regional Power
Western
Hemisphere and Pacific Power
WWI
Wilson's internationalism:
Rejection
of Wilsonian internationalism (permanent role in
European affairs)
US
"Isolationism" -- a return to being a regional power
US entry into WW II
Early Cold War
US post-war acceptance of
internationalism
*Republicans (stay a regional power)
vs. Democrats (become a global power)
Bipartisan consensus by 1950-52
1.
Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist policy
*Truman’s
definition of the threat and US role in the world
*Containment
*Greece and
*Truman
Doctrine
The nature
of Stalin’s
Soviet
economics – command economy
Political
freedoms in Soviet Bloc?
*Soviet
Bloc achievements 1945-1950
*Division
of Europe – Iron Curtain
*NATO vs.
Warsaw Pact
*Divided
nations
*Spheres of
Influence
Cold War as
Balance of Power
Premise:
Someone will order the international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it
Explaining the Cold War
Realist explanation
Idealist explanation
The
theory of Communism
The
practice of Communism in the Soviet Union and
Lenin
and Stalin
Mao
Zedong
Constructivist Explanation
Economic Imperialism Explanation
2. Free
Markets
US hope to
spread free market capitalism
US belief
that only free markets can guarantee political freedoms
*Premise
underneath Marshall Plan – strong economies create strong middle classes who
are less likely to believe in Communism
International
economic system created by the
IMF, World Bank, GATT
US economic
system created in 1940s – its relationship to globalization today
Criticism:
US only wanted to free markets so its companies had access to cheap land and
cheap labor
Success in
N. America, W. Europe, N. E. Asia and some in SE Asia
Less
success/controversy in developing world
3.
A. Success in W. Europe and N.E.
B. Overthrowing democratically
elected governments who lean too far to the left economically
*Iran 1953 (Eisenhower)
*Guatemala 1954
(Eisenhower)
*Attempt in Cuba 1961
(Eisenhower Plan; JFK policy)
*Chile 1973
(Nixon)
C. US support for fascist dictators
if they were anti-communist and capitalist
But US did push some
toward democracy if a chance arrived
1970s-1990s
– S. Korea and
1986 --
Philippines and
D. US semi-alliances with
anti-Soviet Communists
Yugoslavia and China
(after 1969)
4. Regional
Conflict
Outside
spheres of influence
*US-Soviet
competition
US and
Soviet involvement in civil wars, military coup, revolution
Angola
1970s– civil war becomes part of cold war
*China and
Rules of
regional conflict
5.
Multilateralism
Build
global order
Use
international law, alliances and institutions
UN
NATO
IMF, World
Bank, GATT
6.
Deterrence and Forward Presence
Manhattan Project
Hiroshima and
A-Bomb vs. H-Bomb
Deterrence
Preventing
action
Using
threats
Credibility
*Forward Presence
*Total War vs. Limited War
*Korean War
*Limited war in
*Kim Il Sung
*Korean War
*UN resolution to intervene in
*Collective Security
*MacArthur
vs. Truman in
*Escalation and stalemate in
*
*Cuban Missile Crisis
Why it is important in US foreign
relations
Vietnamese perception: struggle for
independence against China, France, Japan, France again, US
Cold war perception: Viet Minh vs. French in anti-communist struggle
1956 division: North vs. South
North Vietnamese insurgent warfare
Early 1960s: South Vietnam collapsing
The logic of US intervention
Strategic Logic
Domino
Theory
Domestic Political logic
Political
price of losing a nation to Communism
Political-military logic
Overall dilemma
Can’t
lose; can’t win
Coercive
diplomacy strategy
Result: US war effort under LBJ
Escalation
Nixon’s War
Withdrawal, but sustained bombing
Implications
1.
Limitations
of US power
2.
Nationalism
3.
Ignorance
4.
Use
of Force
5.
Domestic
Politics
6.
US
success?
Nixon-Kissinger and Detente:
Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy
Process
Centralization
of policy process in the White House
Kissinger's
NSC Staff
Kissinger's and Nixon's shared
beliefs (realism)
*Kissinger vs.
New World Environment:
Strategic Parity
Soviet
buildup
*Sino-Soviet Split
*Mao
Zedong
Czechoslovakia 1968 - Prague Spring
Brezhnev
Doctrine and Chinese reaction
Detente as Containment
Detente to change Soviet behavior
Linkage
Detente as Balance of Power
SALT
Interim Agreement
ABMs and their effect on deterrence
ABM Treaty
*Triangular Diplomacy
*Backchannels
*Kissinger's secret trip to
*US motivations
*The problem of
*Shanghai Communique
Ford- Carter and the Challenges for
Detente
End of the foreign policy consensus
New
Congressional power
War
Powers Act
Clark
Amendment
Vietnam
Syndrome
Carter's hopes for Cabinet government
Brzezinski's view of the world vs. Vance's view
of the world
Brzezinski vs. Vance
The
result
*Human Rights Policy
Exceptions to Human Rights policy
*SALT II
*Iranian revolution and US hostage
crisis
*Ayatollah
Khomeini
*Perception
of US weakness
*Soviet invasion of
Mujahadin
Carter begins to agree with
Brzezinski: Arc of Crisis
Centralization of foreign policy in
White House
Carter’s new policies:
SALT
II
Defense
Buildup
Carter
Doctrine
*Rescue
Ronald Reagan
*Reagan's view of the world
Reagan's view of the problems facing
the US:
1. Third Wave of Marxism and response
Reagan Doctrine
Offensive strategy
Rollback
2.*Vietnam Syndrome and response
Libya,
Grenada, and
*Israeli
Invasion of
*US
troops in
*October
23, 1983 bombing
*Hezbollah
3. Decade of Neglect and response
Cases:
Mujahadin
Angola
Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN)
US Public Opinion
Reagan strategy in
Contras
William
Casey
Boland Amendment Number 2
Reagan response
private
funds
foreign
countries
Purpose of Arms sales to
Arms to Moderates in
Transfer of Iranian arms deal funds
to Contras