HSEP 301 (POLI/CRJS 367)

Fall 2009

Review 1

The exam will consist of two sections:

• Short answer/identifications: Choose 3 of 7. (13 points each for 39 points in this section) I want five or six sentences that define a term and STATE ITS SIGNIFICANCE. All the terms come directly from the review sheet.
• Essay: Choose one of two. (60 points) The essay gives you an opportunity to think a bit, to allow you to use the information and ideas in the class to answer a specific question related to the issues we’ve discussed in class.

Terms with an asterisk before them are those that are also addressed in the readings.

List of Terms

Impact of September 11

*The network planning for 9/11

*War on terrorism/ terrorist war on US

Defining Terrorism

1. *Political Agenda

*Terrorism is agenda setting

Success of Palestinian terrorism in agenda setting

2. Violence as the method

*Terrorism as a weapon of the weak

Asymmetric warfare

*Attacking the enemy by causing it pain and creating fear

Al-Qaeda’s hope: US will feel the pain/fear and withdraw from the Middle East or US will overreact and incite greater resistance to US in the region and globally

3. *Civilians as targets

*Civilian as audience and civilian as target

4. *Publicity

Key Issues

*Terrorism as crime vs. terrorism as warfare

Categories for terrorist groups

*Ideological

*Ethno-national

Narco-terrorism

*Religious nationalism

Why a typology is useful for counterterrorism

*Suicide attacks

Reasons why suicide attacks are used

Current trends

*Religious nationalism

Development of weapons of mass destruction capability

*Globalization’s role

*Independence of terrorist groups

*Terrorist network structures

*leaderless resistance

*Does terrorism work? Arguments for and against

On not confusing ends (political goals) with means (methods of achieving those goals)

History of Terrorism

*Terrorism is not new

*Zealots, assassins, thugs

*First Wave of modern terrorism

*Russian terrorists

WW I

Second Wave

*Ethnonationalism

*Irgun

*Algeria

*Third Wave

*Leftist groups in Europe and Japan

*Soviet role

*PLO

*IRA

*Low casualties/targeted attacks

*religious vs. secular terrorism

*Cooperation among different groups

Fourth Wave

*Global and religious

*The religious roots: Saudi Arabia and Qutb’s role

*Iranian revolution

*Afghan war vs. Soviets

*“Jihadis” or non-Afghans who came to Afghanistan

*alliance against the USSR and backing for mujahadin

role of US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan (ISI)

*role of Madrassas (Saudi funded religious schools)

*Soviet defeat: all the vets of the Afghan war go home and launch local “jihad” against their governments

*Taliban

Current foe fighting the US?

An ideology, Revolutionary Islam

*Global threat

*Regional threat

Uses terrorism as a tactic

*Network of networks

Have a strong knowledge of the PPT Figure on the Origins of Fourth Wave Terrorism

Who becomes a terrorist and why

Why do some organizations and individuals Choose terrorism as a strategy?

1. Strategic or Instrumental Model

cost-benefit analysis

when is violence a “rational” choice?

Asymmetric warfare

*Palestinian terrorism after 1967

*Impact of Six Day War on Islamic radical ideologues

2. Democracy as a factor

as targets

authoritarian states as the breeding ground for terrorists

negotiating an end to terrorism with democracies

3. Ethno-nationalism

*4. Expectation-Frustration-Aggression

Davies J-Curve

5. Resource Mobilization Theory

Who joins a terrorist group and why?

Leaders vs. Members

1. Poverty and Lack of Education thesis

Demographic profile of a terrorist

*2. Ideology

3. Economic Factors

*underemployment/over-education

*4. Transitions

*5. Alienation, humiliation, identity

6. Social networks

*7. Prison, torture, revenge

8. money

Al-Qaeda

Origins, Objectives, Doctrines

*In Afghanistan

*The jihadi recruitment organization run by bin-Laden

*Abdullah Azzam

*Militant Islam and Arab Nationalism defining objectives

*Goals in Middle East

*Global goal: recreation of the caliphate

*1998 fatwa

*Sayyid Qutb

*Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

Leadership and leadership structure

*Osama bin-Laden’s background

*Ayman al-Zawahiri background

*Decentralization, regional nodes, cells

*Central leadership

*Cells

*Regional nodes and entrepreneurship

Corporate/Hierarchical vs. network model

Types of networks

*Links to regional groups

Jemmah Islamiyah

Abu Sayyaf Group

*global reach of Al-Qaeda

*Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

*different level of affiliations with AQ

Support for Al-Qaeda

*Training of recruits

Ethnic makeup of membership

*Funding

Hawala

*infiltration of Islamic charities

*In Sudan

*In alliance with Taliban

Strategy and Tactics

*The Debate: Near or Far Enemy

Models for achieving AQ goals

Naji: The Management of Savagery

Tactics

*Operations: Hit the US

*Create global network to match US global reach

*Maximize casualty level

*Lessons of Beirut 1983 and Somalia 1993

*1993 Trade Center attack

*Embassy attacks 1998

Shift since 9/11

Tactical operations

Counterterrorism measures

US-led overthrow of Taliban

Global alliance vs. terrorism

Pakistan’s role

US overthrow of Saddam Hussein

Religion and Terrorism

*How does religion get twisted into terrorism?

Why is that more prevalent from 1980s on?

Increase in the role of religion in politics worldwide

The reasons for this

*Globalization and transformation

*Elements in many societies have fought change

*Extreme reaction is to fight that change through violence, creating terrorism

Characteristics of religious-based terrorism

*War analogy

*Cosmic war

*Demonization of enemy

*Conspiracies

*Empowering of alienated individuals

*True faith

*Linkage to mainstream issues

AQ goals minus the Islamic rhetoric: a coherent political agenda and ideology that calls for revolution

The revolutionary ideology as a very small segment of Islamic thought

Diversity of Islam

Sunni vs. Shi’a Islam

Geography

Ideas and Politics in Islam

A spectrum on government involvement in religious, social, economic life (remembering that the more orthodox oen gets in just about any religion, the less separation of church and state you accept)

Within societies a wide array of opinion

Government vs. the population

Rise of Militant Islam

*Why the Middle East?

Lack of democracy

Rising expectations

Inequality

Socialist economics

*Israel and Palestinian issue

*HAMAS suicide bombings

*recruitment of bombers and humiliation

*Lashkar Jihad

*HUM in Pakistan

*command organization

*madrassas

*dissatisfaction for some jihadis

*Far right Israeli extremists

*justifying attacks on Muslims

Terrorism in the US

KKK

Puerto Rican Nationalist attacks on US House of Representatives

Weathermen/Weather Underground

*Modern Extreme Right

*Oklahoma City

*Atlanta Olympic Bombing

Anthrax Letters Fall 2001

*Merger of most radical Evangelical Christianity beliefs with White Supremacy (Klan, Nazis)

The Groups:

Aryan Nation

The New Order

*Christian Identity movement

Elements of the ideology

*Pure Faith

*White Supremacy

*Male Domination

*Focus on the Endtimes/apocalypse

*Anti-non-Christian

*Anti-government – ZOG

*Ties to mainstream groups

*Turner Diaries

*Use of web

*Who joins

*Leaderless resistance

Ruby Ridge

Waco Texas and Branch Davidians