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\begin{document}


\begin{center}
{\LARGE PHYS691 Final Exam}
\end{center}

Attempt each of the following problems. Attach the resulting file to an
email to rhgowdy@vcu.edu.

Due date: Thursday, May 12, 2005.

\section{Problem 1: Sound Waves}

Use the stress-energy tensor conservation laws to find the speed of sound
waves (as a fraction of the speed of light) in a medium that obeys an
equation of state of the form%
\begin{equation*}
p=f\left( \rho \right)
\end{equation*}%
Do the calculation for an arbitrary curved spacetime.

\subsection{Answer: (flat spacetime version 1)}

First get the basic idea by doing the problem out in components in flat
Minkowski spacetime. The conservation law is then%
\begin{equation*}
T^{\mu \nu }{}_{,\nu }=0
\end{equation*}%
or, split into time and space parts%
\begin{eqnarray*}
T^{00}{}_{,0}+T^{0m}{}_{,m} &=&0 \\
T^{m0}{}_{,0}+T^{mn}{}_{,n} &=&0
\end{eqnarray*}%
Assume a fluid with isotropic stress and $p=f\left( \rho \right) $%
\begin{equation*}
T^{00}=\rho 
\end{equation*}%
\begin{equation*}
T^{mn}=f\left( \rho \right) g^{mn}=f\left( \rho \right) \delta ^{nm}
\end{equation*}%
Since we cannot have the coordinates follow the fluid (they are fixed) we
have to allow the fluid to move in order to have sound waves. Thus, there
must be small non-zero components%
\begin{equation*}
T^{0m}=T^{m0}=j^{m}
\end{equation*}%
so that the conservation law becomes%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\rho _{,0}+j^{m}{}_{,m} &=&0 \\
j^{m}{}_{,0}+\left( \delta ^{mn}f\left( \rho \right) \right) _{,n} &=&0
\end{eqnarray*}%
But%
\begin{equation*}
\left( \delta ^{mn}f\left( \rho \right) \right) _{,n}=\frac{\partial }{%
\partial x^{m}}f\left( \rho \right) =\frac{df}{d\rho }\frac{\partial \rho }{%
\partial x^{m}}=f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,m}
\end{equation*}%
and the second equation becomes%
\begin{equation*}
j^{m}{}_{,0}+f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,m}=0
\end{equation*}

The essential trick is to eliminate the mass-energy flow variables $j^{m}$
by taking the spatial divergence of this last result 
\begin{eqnarray*}
j^{m}{}_{,0m}+f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,mm}+f\,_{,m}^{\prime }\rho _{,m} &=&0 \\
j^{m}{}_{,0m}+f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,mm}+f\,^{"}\rho _{,m}\rho _{,m} &=&0
\end{eqnarray*}%
and comparing that to the time derivative of the first conservation equation%
\begin{equation*}
\rho _{,00}+j^{m}{}_{,m0}=0
\end{equation*}%
Subtract the equations and obtain%
\begin{equation*}
j^{m}{}_{,0m}+f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,mm}+f\,^{"}\rho _{,m}\rho _{,m}-\rho
_{,00}-j^{m}{}_{,m0}=0
\end{equation*}%
or%
\begin{equation*}
f\,^{\prime }\rho _{,mm}-\rho _{,00}+f\,^{"}\rho _{,m}\rho _{,m}=0
\end{equation*}%
or%
\begin{equation*}
-\frac{\partial ^{2}\rho }{\partial t^{2}}+f\,^{\prime }\nabla ^{2}\rho
+f\,^{"}\left( \vec{\nabla}\rho \right) ^{2}=0
\end{equation*}%
Compare this equation to the wave equation with propagation velocity $v$

\begin{equation*}
-\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial t^{2}}+v^{2}\nabla ^{2}\psi =0
\end{equation*}%
The signal propagation characteristics of the equation are determined by its
second derivative terms, so the sound-speed is%
\begin{equation*}
v=\sqrt{\frac{df}{d\rho }}=\sqrt{\frac{dp}{d\rho }}
\end{equation*}

\subsection{Answer: (curved spacetime version)}

The straightforward approach is to replace commas by semicolons in the
version 1 calculation above, thus introducing a mess of connection
coefficients. The coefficients, but not their derivatives, can be made to go
away by assuming a local Lorentz Frame. The remaining extra terms do not
affect the second derivatives of $\rho $, so we get the same sound speed
result as before.

\section{Problem 2: Bosons in Curved Spacetime}

In Special Relativity, the wave function for a spin-zero massive particle
obeys the Klein Gordon Equation%
\begin{equation*}
-\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial t^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{%
\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial
^{2}\psi }{\partial z^{2}}=m^{2}\psi
\end{equation*}

\begin{enumerate}
\item[a)] Suppose that such a particle is moving through a curved spacetime
and use minimal coupling to find a candidate for its wave equation.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer a)}

In a local Lorentz frame, replace ordinary derivatives by covariant
derivatives or commas by semicolons. \ The Special Relativity form of the
equation is%
\begin{equation*}
-\psi _{,00}+\psi _{,mm}=m^{2}\psi
\end{equation*}%
so the curved space form (in a local Lorentz frame) would be%
\begin{equation*}
-\psi _{;00}+\psi _{;mm}=m^{2}\psi
\end{equation*}%
or, putting in the metric tensor%
\begin{equation*}
g^{\mu \nu }\psi _{;\mu \nu }=m^{2}\psi
\end{equation*}%
Since this equation is now invariant under coordinate transformations, it
will be true in any coordinate system.

\begin{enumerate}
\item[b)] Write out the candidate equation in detail for the case of a
particle moving along the $z$-axis (so that $\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial x%
}$ and $\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial y}$ are zero).
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer b)}

\begin{equation*}
\psi _{;\mu \nu }=\psi _{,\mu \nu }-\psi _{,\rho }\Gamma ^{\rho }{}_{\mu \nu
}
\end{equation*}%
\begin{equation*}
g^{\mu \nu }\psi _{,\mu \nu }-\psi _{,\rho }\Gamma ^{\rho }{}_{\mu \nu
}g^{\mu \nu }=m^{2}\psi
\end{equation*}%
Notice that the curved space comes in only through the term%
\begin{equation*}
\Gamma ^{\rho }=\Gamma ^{\rho }{}_{\mu \nu }g^{\mu \nu }
\end{equation*}%
Recall%
\begin{equation*}
\Gamma ^{\alpha }{}_{\beta \gamma }=\frac{1}{2}g^{\alpha \sigma }\left(
e_{\gamma }g_{\sigma \beta }+e_{\beta }g_{\gamma \sigma }-e_{\sigma
}g_{\beta \gamma }\right)
\end{equation*}%
so that%
\begin{equation*}
\Gamma ^{\rho }{}_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}g^{\rho \sigma }\left( e_{\nu
}g_{\sigma \mu }+e_{\mu }g_{\nu \sigma }-e_{\sigma }g_{\mu \nu }\right)
\end{equation*}%
\begin{equation*}
\Gamma ^{\rho }=g^{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}g^{\rho \sigma }\left( e_{\nu
}g_{\sigma \mu }+e_{\mu }g_{\nu \sigma }-e_{\sigma }g_{\mu \nu }\right)
\end{equation*}%
Assume that the $x,y,z,t$ axes are orthonormal at a particular point, so
that the equation takes the form%
\begin{equation*}
-\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial t^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{%
\partial z^{2}}-\Gamma ^{0}\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial t}-\Gamma ^{3}%
\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial z}=0
\end{equation*}%
with%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Gamma ^{0} &=&\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }\left( e_{\nu }g_{0\mu }+e_{\mu
}g_{\nu 0}-e_{0}g_{\mu \nu }\right) \\
&=&-\frac{1}{2}\left( e_{0}g_{00}+e_{0}g_{00}-e_{0}g_{00}\right) +\frac{1}{2}%
\left( e_{m}g_{0m}+e_{m}g_{m0}-e_{0}g_{mm}\right) \\
&=&-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}g_{00}+\frac{1}{2}\left( 2\frac{%
\partial }{\partial x^{m}}g_{0m}-\frac{\partial }{\partial t}g_{mm}\right) =%
\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{m}}g_{0m}-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial t%
}\left( g_{00}+g_{mm}\right)
\end{eqnarray*}%
and%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Gamma ^{3} &=&\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }\left( e_{\nu }g_{3\mu }+e_{\mu
}g_{\nu 3}-e_{3}g_{\mu \nu }\right) \\
&=&-\frac{1}{2}\left( e_{0}g_{30}+e_{0}g_{03}-e_{3}g_{00}\right) +\frac{1}{2}%
\left( e_{m}g_{3m}+e_{m}g_{m3}-e_{3}g_{mm}\right) \\
&=&-\frac{1}{2}\left( 2\frac{\partial }{\partial t}g_{30}-\frac{\partial }{%
\partial z}g_{00}\right) +\frac{1}{2}\left( 2e_{m}g_{3m}-\frac{\partial }{%
\partial z}g_{mm}\right) \\
&=&\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{m}}g_{3m}-\frac{\partial }{\partial t}g_{30}+%
\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left( g_{00}-g_{mm}\right)
\end{eqnarray*}%
The key point to notice is that the wave equation is modified by terms
constructed from the first derivatives of the metric tensor. A plane wave
expansion of $\psi $ along with the assumption that $\Gamma ^{0}$ and $%
\Gamma ^{3}$ vary slowly can be used to show that these terms cause
exponential growth or decay of the wave function in both $t$ and $z$.

\section{Problem 3: Soap Films (Problem of Plateau)}

A soap-film suspended on a wire frame with no air trapped anywhere will try
to minimize its total surface area because of surface tension.

\begin{enumerate}
\item[a)] Represent such a film in parametric form in Cartesian coordinates.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer a)}

Let $x$ and $y$ be coordinates on the film and use a Cartesian coordinate
position vector%
\begin{equation*}
\vec{X}\left( x,y\right) =\left[ X\left( x,y\right) ,Y\left( x,y\right)
,Z\left( x,y\right) \right]
\end{equation*}
to locate the point $\left( x,y\right) $ on the film.

\begin{enumerate}
\item[b)] Find the differential equations that are obeyed by the functions
in this description of a soap film.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer b)}

The area of the film is given by the same sort of expression as the
Goto-Nambu string action that we discussed:%
\begin{eqnarray*}
A &=&\dint d^{2}x\sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert } \\
&=&\dint d^{2}x\sqrt{\left\vert 
\begin{array}{cc}
\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}
& \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial y%
} \\ 
\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{y}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x} & \frac{%
\partial \vec{X}}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial y}%
\end{array}%
\right\vert } \\
&=&\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ \left( \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}\cdot 
\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}\right) \left( \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{%
\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial y}\right) -\left( \frac{%
\partial \vec{X}}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}%
\right) \left( \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X%
}}{\partial y}\right) \right\} ^{1/2}
\end{eqnarray*}

The differential equations satisfied by the functions $\vec{X}$ are obtained
from the requirement%
\begin{equation*}
\delta A=0
\end{equation*}%
which is evaluated just as for the string action but with greek indexes
being summed just from $1$ to $2$.%
\begin{equation*}
\delta A=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta
}\delta \left( \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\cdot \frac{%
\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\beta }}\right) 
\end{equation*}%
\begin{eqnarray*}
&=&\sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\left( \frac{%
\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\cdot \frac{\partial \delta \vec{X}}{%
\partial x^{\beta }}\right)  \\
&=&\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \left( \sqrt{\left\vert
g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial
x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}\right) -\frac{\partial }{\partial
x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }%
\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}
\end{eqnarray*}%
so that%
\begin{equation*}
\delta A=\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ \frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left(
\left( \sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial 
\vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}\right) -\frac{%
\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }%
g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\right)
\cdot \delta \vec{X}\right\} 
\end{equation*}%
Use Green's Theorem on the total divergence term:%
\begin{equation*}
\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ \frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \left( 
\sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}%
}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}\right) \right\} =\doint
d\ell n_{\beta }\left( \sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta
}\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}
\end{equation*}%
where $d\ell $ is the line element along the wire boundary and $n_{\beta }$
is the outward directed normal. So long as the variation is held fixed at
the boundary, $\delta \vec{X}=0$ and this term vanishes. The condition is
then%
\begin{equation*}
\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ \frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{%
\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{%
\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}\right\} =0
\end{equation*}%
for arbitrary $\delta \vec{X}$ or%
\begin{equation*}
\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{\left\vert
g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial
x^{\alpha }}\right) =0
\end{equation*}%
An equivalent form of this expression is just%
\begin{equation*}
^{\left( 2\right) }\nabla ^{2}\vec{X}=0
\end{equation*}%
where $^{\left( 2\right) }\nabla ^{2}$ is the covariant Laplacian on the
surface. \ The famous result of the Plateau problem follows by noticing that
this equation is also the condition that $X,Y,Z$ are each real or imaginary
parts of analytic functions of $x+iy$. \ Thus, we can construct soap bubble
films from triplets of analytic functions. As a result, the entire problem
is solved exactly. For example, choose the analytic functions, $X=x,Y=y,Z=%
\func{Re}\left( \left( x+iy\right) ^{2}\right) =x^{2}-y^{2}$ and obtain a
"saddle" shaped film of extremal area. Similarly, $X=x,Y=y,Z=\func{Re}\left(
\left( x+iy\right) ^{3}\right) $ describes an extremal area surface that is
sometimes called a "monkey saddle".

This expression is already enough for this part, but we will need a bit more
for the next part of the problem. Notice that a variation that satisfies the
constraint%
\begin{equation*}
H\delta \vec{X}=0
\end{equation*}%
will not change the surface. It will only change the coordinates $x,y$ on
the surface. Thus the area will not change under such a variation. Thus, the
following equation is an identity:%
\begin{equation*}
\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ \frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{%
\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{%
\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot H\delta \vec{X}\right\} =0
\end{equation*}%
But that is the same as%
\begin{equation*}
\dint \dint dxdy\left\{ H\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{%
\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{%
\partial x^{\alpha }}\right) \cdot \delta \vec{X}\right\} =0
\end{equation*}%
Since $\delta \vec{X}$ is arbitrary, we have the identity%
\begin{equation*}
H\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{\left\vert
g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial
x^{\alpha }}\right) =0
\end{equation*}%
so that the equation that constrains the surface can also be written as%
\begin{equation*}
V\frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\left( \sqrt{\left\vert
g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial
x^{\alpha }}\right) =0
\end{equation*}%
Use Leibniz's product rule to obtain%
\begin{equation*}
V\left\{ \left( \frac{\partial }{\partial x^{\beta }}\sqrt{\left\vert
g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }\right) \frac{\partial \vec{X}}{%
\partial x^{\alpha }}+\sqrt{\left\vert g_{HH}\right\vert }g^{HH\alpha \beta }%
\frac{\partial ^{2}\vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }\partial x^{\beta }}%
+\right\} =0
\end{equation*}%
But the vectors $\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}$ lie in the
surface, so 
\begin{equation*}
V\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}=0
\end{equation*}%
and we get the equation for the soap film surface in the simple form%
\begin{equation*}
Vg^{HH\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial ^{2}\vec{X}}{\partial x^{\alpha }\partial
x^{\beta }}=0.
\end{equation*}

\begin{enumerate}
\item[c)] Find the condition(s) satisfied by the second fundamental form of
such a soap film.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer c)}

The straightforward way to do this problem is to take the expression for the
projection curvature tensor from the notes%
\begin{equation*}
h_{H}{}^{c}{}_{da}=H_{jd}\frac{\partial X^{j}}{\partial x^{\sigma }}%
g^{\sigma \delta }g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{\partial x^{\rho
}\partial x^{\delta }}\frac{\partial X^{k}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}%
V_{pa}H^{c}{}_{k}
\end{equation*}%
This expression has way too many uncontracted indexes to compare with the
differential equations that we obtained in part b. Those equations had just
one Cartesian index. The only obvious way to get rid of indexes is to
contract them and the only way that does not give zero is to contract the
first two (the third is projected in the complementary direction).%
\begin{eqnarray*}
h_{H}{}_{a} &=&h_{H}{}^{c}{}_{ca}=H_{jc}\frac{\partial X^{j}}{\partial
x^{\sigma }}g^{\sigma \delta }g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{%
\partial x^{\rho }\partial x^{\delta }}\frac{\partial X^{k}}{\partial
x^{\alpha }}V_{pa}H^{c}{}_{k} \\
&=&H_{jk}\frac{\partial X^{j}}{\partial x^{\sigma }}g^{\sigma \delta
}g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{\partial x^{\rho }\partial
x^{\delta }}\frac{\partial X^{k}}{\partial x^{\alpha }}V_{pa} \\
&=&\frac{\partial X^{j}}{\partial x^{\sigma }}H_{jk}\frac{\partial X^{k}}{%
\partial x^{\alpha }}g^{\sigma \delta }g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial
^{2}X^{p}}{\partial x^{\rho }\partial x^{\delta }}V_{pa} \\
&=&\frac{\partial \vec{X}}{\partial x^{\sigma }}\cdot \frac{\partial \vec{X}%
}{\partial x^{\alpha }}g^{\sigma \delta }g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial
^{2}X^{p}}{\partial x^{\rho }\partial x^{\delta }}V_{pa} \\
&=&g_{\sigma \alpha }g^{\sigma \delta }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{\partial
x^{\rho }\partial x^{\delta }}V_{pa} \\
&=&\delta _{\alpha }^{\delta }g^{\alpha \rho }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{%
\partial x^{\rho }\partial x^{\delta }}V_{pa} \\
&=&g^{\alpha \beta }\frac{\partial ^{2}X^{p}}{\partial x^{\alpha }\partial
x^{\beta }}V_{pa}
\end{eqnarray*}%
Now we recognize the result of the previous problem and see that the
condition on the second fundamental form is just that it be trace-free:%
\begin{equation*}
h_{H}{}_{a}=0\text{.}
\end{equation*}

\section{Problem 4: Gravitational Wave Sources}

\begin{enumerate}
\item[a)] Use the results found in class, but ignore polarization effects
and derive an approximate relationship between detector strain, source
luminosity, source distance, and source frequency. For this part, just leave
everything in Planck units.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer a)}

The detector strain is given by the expression%
\begin{equation*}
h^{jk}\left( x^{0},x^{i}\right) =\frac{2}{r}P^{j}{}_{r}P^{k}{}_{s}\ddot{I}%
^{rs}\left( x^{0}-r\right) 
\end{equation*}%
The various projection operators are combinations of trig functions that are
of order one, so if we ignore polarization the result is%
\begin{equation*}
\text{strain}=\frac{2}{r}\ddot{I}
\end{equation*}%
where $I$ is the dominant component of the quadrupole moment tensor. For a
source oscillating with angular frequency $\omega ,$ differentiating by time
just produces a factor of $\omega $. Thus,%
\begin{equation*}
\text{strain}=\frac{2\omega ^{2}}{r}I
\end{equation*}%
The source luminosity is given by the quadrupole formula%
\begin{equation*}
L=\frac{1}{5}\dddot{I}^{jk}\dddot{I}^{jk}
\end{equation*}%
which, for an oscillating source, with one dominant quadrupole moment, gives%
\begin{equation*}
L=\frac{\omega ^{6}}{5}I^{2}
\end{equation*}%
Use this expression to elliminate the quadrupole moment%
\begin{equation*}
I=\sqrt{\frac{5L}{\omega ^{6}}}=\omega ^{-3}\sqrt{5L}
\end{equation*}%
and obtain the desired relation%
\begin{equation*}
\text{strain}=2\frac{\omega ^{2}}{r}\omega ^{-3}\sqrt{5L}=\frac{2\sqrt{5L}}{%
\omega r}
\end{equation*}

\begin{enumerate}
\item[b)] For this part, you will need to look up some constants and
conversions. Find the greatest distance (in light years) that a
gravitational wave detector with a strain sensitivity of $10^{-18}$ could
respond to an event that dumps one full solar mass of energy into a one
second pulse of gravitational waves at an angular frequency of a kiloHertz.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer b)}

The mass of the sun is about $2\times 10^{30}\unit{kg}$. Converting that
much mass into energy would yield%
\begin{eqnarray*}
E &=&mc^{2}=2\times 10^{30}\unit{kg}\times \left( 3\times 10^{8}\unit{m}/%
\unit{s}\right) ^{2} \\
&=&18\times 10^{46}\unit{J}
\end{eqnarray*}%
and doing it in one second would yield a luminosity of%
\begin{eqnarray*}
L &=&18\times 10^{46}\unit{W} \\
&=&18\times 10^{46}\times 10^{-52.560}\text{ Planck Power units} \\
&=&5.0\times 10^{-6}\text{ Planck Power units}
\end{eqnarray*}%
The other input that we need in dimensionless form is the angular frequency 
\begin{eqnarray*}
\omega &=&10^{3}\unit{Hz} \\
&=&10^{3}\times 10^{-43.268}=10^{-40.268} \\
&=&5.4\times 10^{-41}
\end{eqnarray*}%
Now solve the relation from the last part%
\begin{equation*}
\text{strain}=\frac{2\sqrt{5L}}{\omega r}
\end{equation*}%
for the distance $r$%
\begin{eqnarray*}
r &=&\frac{2\sqrt{5L}}{\omega \text{strain}} \\
&=&\frac{2\sqrt{5\times 5\times 10^{-6}}}{5.4\times 10^{-41}\times 10^{-18}}
\\
&=&1.\,\allowbreak 851\,9\times 10^{56} \\
&=&2\times 10^{56}\text{Planck distance units} \\
&=&2\times 10^{56}\times \frac{1\unit{m}}{10^{34.791}} \\
&=&3\times 10^{21}\unit{m}
\end{eqnarray*}%
A light-year is%
\begin{eqnarray*}
1\text{ly} &=&3\times 10^{8}\unit{m}/\unit{s}\times 3.15\times 10^{7}\unit{s}
\\
&=&10^{16}\unit{m}
\end{eqnarray*}%
so the detectability distance is%
\begin{eqnarray*}
r &=&3\times 10^{21}\unit{m}=3\times 10^{5}\text{ light years} \\
&=&300,000\text{ light years}
\end{eqnarray*}%
Since our galaxy is about 100,000 light years across, the event would have
to be somewhere within our galaxy or possibly in the Large or Small
Magellanic clouds that orbit our galaxy.

From this calculation, you can also see that each factor of ten improvement
in strain sensitivity multiplies the range by a factor of ten. \ You can
also see that lower frequency signals can be detected at much longer range.
That is one reason for the LISA proposal to use orbiting spacecraft to
detect frequencies well below one Hertz.

\section{Problem 5: Lapse and Shift}

Find the lapse and shift functions that correspond to the spacetime metric
tensor 
\begin{equation*}
ds^{2}=-\left( 1-2m/r\right)
dt^{2}+2vP^{-1/2}dtdr+r^{4}P^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}
\end{equation*}%
where $v,P$ are polynomials%
\begin{equation*}
P=v^{2}+\left( 1-2m/r\right) r^{4}
\end{equation*}%
\begin{equation*}
v=Kr^{3}/3-H
\end{equation*}

By the way, this is the metric of a black hole of mass $m$ in peculiar
coordinates.

\subsection{Answer}

The metric components have the form%
\begin{equation*}
\left[ g\right] =\left[ 
\begin{array}{cccc}
1\left( 1-2m/r\right) & vP^{-1/2} & 0 & 0 \\ 
vP^{-1/2} & r^{4}P^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & r^{2} & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & 0 & r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta%
\end{array}%
\right]
\end{equation*}%
while the inverse metric components are%
\begin{equation*}
\left[ g^{-1}\right] =\left[ 
\begin{array}{cccc}
1\left( 1-2m/r\right) & vP^{-1/2} & 0 & 0 \\ 
vP^{-1/2} & r^{4}P^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & r^{2} & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & 0 & r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta%
\end{array}%
\right] ^{-1}
\end{equation*}%
or : 
\begin{equation*}
\left[ g^{-1}\right] =\left[ 
\begin{array}{cccc}
-\frac{r^{4}}{-r^{4}+v^{2}+2mr^{3}} & P\frac{v}{-\sqrt{P}r^{4}+\sqrt{P}%
v^{2}+2\sqrt{P}mr^{3}} & 0 & 0 \\ 
P\frac{v}{-\sqrt{P}r^{4}+\sqrt{P}v^{2}+2\sqrt{P}mr^{3}} & \frac{2Pm-Pr}{%
-r^{5}+2mr^{4}+rv^{2}} & 0 & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & \frac{1}{r^{2}} & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }%
\end{array}%
\right]
\end{equation*}%
Compare these expressions to the ones given in the notes:%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\left[ g\right] &=&\left( 
\begin{array}{cc}
\left\vert \vec{N}\right\vert ^{2}-N^{2} & h\left( \vec{N}\right) ^{T} \\ 
h\left( \vec{N}\right) & \left[ h\right]%
\end{array}%
\right) \medskip \\
\left[ g^{-1}\right] &=&\left( 
\begin{array}{cc}
-1/N^{2} & \vec{N}^{T}/N^{2} \\ 
\vec{N}/N^{2} & \left[ h\right] ^{-1}-\vec{N}\vec{N}^{T}/N^{2}%
\end{array}%
\right)
\end{eqnarray*}

The spacelike metric is evidently%
\begin{equation*}
\left[ h\right] =\left[ 
\begin{array}{ccc}
r^{4}P^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 
0 & r^{2} & 0 \\ 
0 & 0 & r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta 
\end{array}%
\right] 
\end{equation*}%
and we can read off the shift vector components with their indexes lowered
by this metric:%
\begin{equation*}
N_{i}=g_{0i}
\end{equation*}%
or%
\begin{eqnarray*}
N_{1} &=&vP^{-1/2} \\
N_{2} &=&N_{3}=0
\end{eqnarray*}%
Raise the index using $h^{-1}$%
\begin{eqnarray*}
N^{1} &=&r^{-4}PvP^{-1/2}=\frac{v}{r^{4}}\sqrt{P} \\
N^{2} &=&N^{3}=0
\end{eqnarray*}%
The lapse function is obtained by comparing the inverse metric expressions%
\begin{equation*}
1/N^{2}=\frac{r^{4}}{-r^{4}+v^{2}+2mr^{3}}=\frac{1}{v^{2}r^{-4}-\left(
1-2m/r\right) }
\end{equation*}%
\begin{equation*}
N=\sqrt{v^{2}r^{-4}-\left( 1-2m/r\right) }=r^{-2}\sqrt{v^{2}-\left(
1-2m/r\right) r^{4}}
\end{equation*}

Collect the final non-zero results in the form%
\begin{eqnarray*}
N^{1} &=&\frac{v}{r^{4}}\sqrt{v^{2}+\left( 1-2m/r\right) r^{4}} \\
N &=&r^{-2}\sqrt{v^{2}-\left( 1-2m/r\right) r^{4}}
\end{eqnarray*}%
The important thing to notice about these results is that they are
well-behaved at $r=2m$. Thus, these $t=$constant surfaces are regular across
the black hole event horizon and $t$ is a well-behaved time coordinate
there. One might not have guessed that from the original form of the metric
tensor.

The example is a static, regular slicing of a black hole by a set of
hyperbolic constant-time surfaces that are asymptotically lightlike.

\section{Problem 6: Initial Data}

Suppose that you wish to set up time-symmetric initial data for two black
holes of identical mass separated by about ten Schwarzschild radii. The data
is to be set up on a Cartesian coordinate grid $\left( x,y,z\right) $ with
the holes on the $z$-axis.

For a single black hole the horizon corresponds to the minimal area $r$ =
constant surface at the instant of time symmetry. Assume that this
relationship is approximately true for these interacting black holes so that
their minimal area surfaces (now somewhat distorted) correspond to their
horizons and give the spacetime Cartesian metric tensor components as
functions of the coordinates $\left( x,y,z\right) $.

\subsection{Answer}

The spatial metric tensor is taken to be%
\begin{equation*}
g_{ij}=\phi ^{4}\delta _{ij}
\end{equation*}%
where a single black hole with mass $m$ would be represented by%
\begin{equation*}
\phi =1+\frac{2m}{\tilde{r}}
\end{equation*}%
with $\tilde{r}$ the radius in terms of the flat space metric%
\begin{equation*}
\tilde{r}=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}
\end{equation*}%
The area at constant $\tilde{r}$ is just%
\begin{equation*}
A\left( \tilde{r}\right) =4\pi \left( 1+\frac{2m}{\tilde{r}}\right) ^{4}%
\tilde{r}^{2}
\end{equation*}%
which goes through a minimum at $\tilde{r}=2m$ so that is the location of
the "throat" in these coordinates.

For two identical black holes, we would have%
\begin{equation*}
\phi =1+\frac{2m}{\tilde{r}_{1}}+\frac{2m}{\tilde{r}_{2}}
\end{equation*}%
where $\tilde{r}_{1}$ and $\tilde{r}_{2}$ are distances from different
points calculated using the flat metric. The simplest \emph{starting
assumption} to make is that these distance are calculated from points a
distance $20m$ apart in the flat metric. Put one at $z=-10m$ and the other
at $z=10m$ along the $z$-axis so that%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\tilde{r}_{1} &=&\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+\left( z+10m\right) ^{2}} \\
\tilde{r}_{2} &=&\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+\left( z-10m\right) ^{2}}
\end{eqnarray*}%
and thus the proposed initial metric is%
\begin{equation*}
g_{ij}=\left( 1+\frac{2m}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+\left( z+10m\right) ^{2}}}+\frac{%
2m}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+\left( z-10m\right) ^{2}}}\right) ^{4}\delta _{ij}
\end{equation*}

Of course, the flat metric does not measure physical distances, so we still
need to check what the actual distance between these black holes is. Along
the z-axis,%
\begin{equation*}
ds^{2}=\left( 1+\frac{2m}{\sqrt{\left( z+10m\right) ^{2}}}+\frac{2m}{\sqrt{%
\left( z-10m\right) ^{2}}}\right) ^{4}dz^{2}
\end{equation*}%
so that the distance element is%
\begin{equation*}
ds=\left( 1+\frac{2m}{\left\vert z+10m\right\vert }+\frac{2m}{\left\vert
z-10m\right\vert }\right) ^{2}dz
\end{equation*}%
Integrate this from $z=0$ to the approximate surface of one of the holes at $%
z=8m$ to get half the physical separation%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{1}{2}D &=&\int_{0}^{8m}\left( 1+\frac{2m}{z+10m}-\frac{2m}{z-10m}%
\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{8m}\left( 1+2m\left( \frac{1}{z+10m}-\frac{1}{z-10m}\right)
\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{8m}\left( 1-2m\left( \frac{20m}{z^{2}-100m^{2}}\right) \right)
^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{8m}\left( 1-\frac{40m^{2}}{z^{2}-100m^{2}}\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&m\int_{0}^{8}\left( 1-\frac{40}{x^{2}-100}\right) ^{2}dx \\
&=&\left( \frac{22}{5}\ln 18-\frac{22}{5}\ln 2+\frac{88}{9}\right) m \\
&=&19.45m
\end{eqnarray*}%
Evidently we have the holes separated by about twenty Shwarzschild radii, so
try putting them closer at $z=\pm 5m$ and integrate half the distance from
zero to $3m$.%
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{1}{2}D &=&\int_{0}^{3m}\left( 1+\frac{2m}{z+5m}-\frac{2m}{z-5m}\right)
^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{3m}\left( 1+2m\left( \frac{1}{z+5m}-\frac{1}{z-5m}\right)
\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{3m}\left( 1-2m\left( \frac{10m}{z^{2}-25m^{2}}\right) \right)
^{2}dz \\
&=&\int_{0}^{3m}\left( 1-\frac{20m^{2}}{z^{2}-25m^{2}}\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&m\int_{0}^{3}\left( 1-\frac{20}{z^{2}-25}\right) ^{2}dz \\
&=&m\left( \frac{24}{5}\ln 8-\frac{24}{5}\ln 2+\frac{9}{2}\right) \\
&=&11.154m
\end{eqnarray*}
Now we are closer, with the holes separated by about 11 Schwarzschild radii.

\section{Problem 7: Isometries}

Use the procedures that we applied to the case of static spherical symmetry
and construct a simple form for the metric of a static, cylindrically
symmetric spacetime. Take the coordinates to be $\left( t,r,z,\theta \right) 
$. In this case, the Killing vectors are $\frac{\partial }{\partial t},\frac{%
\partial }{\partial z},\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }$. Be sure to
justify each specialization.

\subsection{Answer}

Because the spacetime is static, there is a timelike Killing vector field
that we can take to be $\frac{\partial }{\partial t}$. There is also a
reflection symmetry under time reversal, so the spactime metric cannot have
cross-terms between time and space coordinates. The spacetime metric then
takes the form%
\begin{equation*}
ds^{2}=-fdt^{2}+d\ell ^{2}
\end{equation*}%
where $d\ell ^{2}$ is a three-dimensional space metric and, along with $f$
is independent of the time $t$.

For cylindrical symmetry, there are two more Killing vector fields. These
generate group orbits that are cylinders. Choose one of these group orbits
and put the usual coordinates $z,\theta $ on it, with $\theta $ an angle so
that its metric is%
\begin{equation*}
^{\left( 2\right) }dc^{2}=Bdz^{2}+Cd\theta ^{2}
\end{equation*}%
with%
\begin{eqnarray*}
-\infty  &<&z<\infty  \\
-\pi  &<&\theta \leq \pi 
\end{eqnarray*}%
The family of curves perpendicular to the group orbits can then be used to
map these $z,\theta $ coordinates onto all of the other orbits. The function 
$f$ in the spacetime metric will then be independent of $z,\theta $ as well
as $t$. With orbits labeled by a coordinate $r$ the space metric is then%
\begin{equation*}
d\ell ^{2}=A\left( r\right) dr^{2}+B\left( r\right) dz^{2}+C\left( r\right)
d\theta ^{2}
\end{equation*}%
and the spacetime metric is%
\begin{equation*}
ds^{2}=-f\left( r\right) dt^{2}+A\left( r\right) dr^{2}+B\left( r\right)
dz^{2}+C\left( r\right) d\theta ^{2}
\end{equation*}

Just as for the Schwarzschild metric, the radial coordinate that labels the
orbits can be defined, thus eliminating one function. If $r$ is defined to
be $\frac{1}{2\pi }$ times the orbit circumference, then the metric becomes%
\begin{equation*}
ds^{2}=-f\left( r\right) dt^{2}+A\left( r\right) dr^{2}+B\left( r\right)
dz^{2}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}
\end{equation*}

\section{Problem 8:}

For this problem, you will have to draw some pictures.

Use a Kruskal Diagram to show the geometry near the surface of a star that
is collapsing to a black hole. An observer is standing off from the collapse
at a constant luminosity distance of $r=3m$.

\begin{enumerate}
\item[a)] What happens to the initial $r=0$ singularity of the Kruskal
metric in this picture?
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Answer a)}

The picture is actually in the notes.

\begin{equation*}
\FRAME{itbpF}{4.2138in}{4.4103in}{0in}{}{}{collapse2.gif}{\special{language
"Scientific Word";type "GRAPHIC";maintain-aspect-ratio TRUE;display
"PICT";valid_file "F";width 4.2138in;height 4.4103in;depth
0in;original-width 4.1871in;original-height 4.3826in;cropleft "0";croptop
"1";cropright "1";cropbottom "0";filename
'graphics/collapse2.gif';file-properties "XNPEU";}}
\end{equation*}%
The initial singularity is the bottom branch of the hyperbola. It is
replaced by the spacetime geometry inside the star. Thus, the initial
singularity is not actually present in this spacetime.

\begin{enumerate}
\item[b)] Suppose that a clock is on the surface of the star and is sending
out light signals are regular intervals. Use the Kruskal Diagram to explain
what the $r=3m$ observer will see in terms of the time, $t$ for which the
external geometry is static.%
\begin{equation*}
\FRAME{itbpF}{4.5459in}{4.1151in}{0in}{}{}{collapse3.gif}{\special{language
"Scientific Word";type "GRAPHIC";maintain-aspect-ratio TRUE;display
"USEDEF";valid_file "F";width 4.5459in;height 4.1151in;depth
0in;original-width 4.8448in;original-height 4.3826in;cropleft "0";croptop
"1";cropright "1";cropbottom "0";filename
'graphics/collapse3.gif';file-properties "XNPEU";}}
\end{equation*}%
The Schwarzschild time coordinate goes to infinity near the horizon, so the
signals from regular events reach the $r=3m$ hyperbola at increasing time
intervals as the surface nears the horizon. Light from the star would be
red-shifted until it becomes undetectable.
\end{enumerate}

\end{document}

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    \if@twocolumn
      \ifnum \col@number=\@ne
        \@maketitle
      \else
        \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
      \fi
    \else
      \newpage
      \global\@topnum\z@   % Prevents figures from going at top of page.
      \@maketitle
    \fi
    \thispagestyle{plain}\@thanks
  \endgroup
  \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
  \global\let\thanks\relax
  \global\let\maketitle\relax
  \global\let\@maketitle\relax
  \global\let\@thanks\@empty
  \global\let\@author\@empty
  \global\let\@date\@empty
  \global\let\@title\@empty
  \global\let\title\relax
  \global\let\author\relax
  \global\let\date\relax
  \global\let\and\relax
}
\def\@maketitle{%
  \newpage
  \null
  \vskip 2em%
  \begin{center}%
  \let \footnote \thanks
    {\LARGE \@title \par}%
    \vskip 1.5em%
    {\large
      \lineskip .5em%
      \begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
        \@author
      \end{tabular}\par}%
    \vskip 1em%
    {\large \@date}%
  \end{center}%
  \par
  \vskip 1.5em}
\fi
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\newcounter {part}
\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\renewcommand \thepart {\@Roman\c@part}
\renewcommand \thesection {\@arabic\c@section}
\renewcommand\thesubsection   {\thesection.\@arabic\c@subsection}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\@arabic\c@subsubsection}
\renewcommand\theparagraph    {\thesubsubsection.\@arabic\c@paragraph}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\@arabic\c@subparagraph}
\newcommand\part{%
   \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi
   \par
   \addvspace{4ex}%
   \@afterindentfalse
   \secdef\@part\@spart}

\def\@part[#1]#2{%
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
      \refstepcounter{part}%
      \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
    \else
      \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
    \fi
    {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
     \interlinepenalty \@M
     \normalfont
     \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
       \Large\bfseries \partname\nobreakspace\thepart
       \par\nobreak
     \fi
     \huge \bfseries #2%
     \markboth{}{}\par}%
    \nobreak
    \vskip 3ex
    \@afterheading}
\def\@spart#1{%
    {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
     \interlinepenalty \@M
     \normalfont
     \huge \bfseries #1\par}%
     \nobreak
     \vskip 3ex
     \@afterheading}
\newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
                                   {-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
                                   {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}%
                                   {\normalfont\Large\bfseries}}
\newcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
                                     {-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
                                     {1.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
                                     {\normalfont\large\bfseries}}
\newcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
                                     {-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
                                     {1.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
                                     {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\newcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
                                    {3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus.2ex}%
                                    {-1em}%
                                    {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\newcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
                                       {3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
                                       {-1em}%
                                      {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\if@twocolumn
  \setlength\leftmargini  {2em}
\else
  \setlength\leftmargini  {2.5em}
\fi
\leftmargin  \leftmargini
\setlength\leftmarginii  {2.2em}
\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.87em}
\setlength\leftmarginiv  {1.7em}
\if@twocolumn
  \setlength\leftmarginv  {.5em}
  \setlength\leftmarginvi {.5em}
\else
  \setlength\leftmarginv  {1em}
  \setlength\leftmarginvi {1em}
\fi
\setlength  \labelsep  {.5em}
\setlength  \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty   -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty     -\@lowpenalty
\renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi}
\renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv}
\newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
\newcommand\labelitemi{\textbullet}
\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries \textendash}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{\textasteriskcentered}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{\textperiodcentered}
\newenvironment{description}
               {\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
                        \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
               {\endlist}
\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
                                \normalfont\bfseries #1}
\if@titlepage
  \newenvironment{abstract}{%
      \titlepage
      \null\vfil
      \@beginparpenalty\@lowpenalty
      \begin{center}%
        \bfseries \abstractname
        \@endparpenalty\@M
      \end{center}}%
     {\par\vfil\null\endtitlepage}
\else
  \newenvironment{abstract}{%
      \if@twocolumn
        \section*{\abstractname}%
      \else
        \small
        \begin{center}%
          {\bfseries \abstractname\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}%
        \end{center}%
        \quotation
      \fi}
      {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}
\fi
\newenvironment{verse}
               {\let\\\@centercr
                \list{}{\itemsep      \z@
                        \itemindent   -1.5em%
                        \listparindent\itemindent
                        \rightmargin  \leftmargin
                        \advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
                \item\relax}
               {\endlist}
\newenvironment{quotation}
               {\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
                        \itemindent    \listparindent
                        \rightmargin   \leftmargin
                        \parsep        \z@ \@plus\p@}%
                \item\relax}
               {\endlist}
\newenvironment{quote}
               {\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
                \item\relax}
               {\endlist}
\if@compatibility
\newenvironment{titlepage}
    {%
      \if@twocolumn
        \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
      \else
        \@restonecolfalse\newpage
      \fi
      \thispagestyle{empty}%
      \setcounter{page}\z@
    }%
    {\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi
    }
\else
\newenvironment{titlepage}
    {%
      \if@twocolumn
        \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
      \else
        \@restonecolfalse\newpage
      \fi
      \thispagestyle{empty}%
      \setcounter{page}\@ne
    }%
    {\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi
     \if@twoside\else
        \setcounter{page}\@ne
     \fi
    }
\fi
\newcommand\appendix{\par
  \setcounter{section}{0}%
  \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
  \gdef\thesection{\@Alph\c@section}}
\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation}
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename\nobreakspace\thefigure}
\newenvironment{figure}
               {\@float{figure}}
               {\end@float}
\newenvironment{figure*}
               {\@dblfloat{figure}}
               {\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename\nobreakspace\thetable}
\newenvironment{table}
               {\@float{table}}
               {\end@float}
\newenvironment{table*}
               {\@dblfloat{table}}
               {\end@dblfloat}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
  \vskip\abovecaptionskip
  \sbox\@tempboxa{#1: #2}%
  \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
    #1: #2\par
  \else
    \global \@minipagefalse
    \hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
  \fi
  \vskip\belowcaptionskip}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
\newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
    \section*{\contentsname
        \@mkboth{%
           \MakeUppercase\contentsname}{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
    \@starttoc{toc}%
    }
\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
  \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
    \addpenalty\@secpenalty
    \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
    \setlength\@tempdima{3em}%
    \begingroup
      \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
      \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
      {\leavevmode
       \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
       \nobreak
       \if@compatibility
         \global\@nobreaktrue
         \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
      \fi
    \endgroup
  \fi}
\newcommand*\l@section[2]{%
  \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\z@
    \addpenalty\@secpenalty
    \addvspace{1.0em \@plus\p@}%
    \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
    \begingroup
      \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
      \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
      \leavevmode \bfseries
      \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
      \hskip -\leftskip
      #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \endgroup
  \fi}
\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\newcommand\listoffigures{%
    \section*{\listfigurename}%
      \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
              {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
    \@starttoc{lof}%
    }
\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\newcommand\listoftables{%
    \section*{\listtablename}%
      \@mkboth{%
          \MakeUppercase\listtablename}%
         {\MakeUppercase\listtablename}%
    \@starttoc{lot}%
    }
\let\l@table\l@figure
\newdimen\bibindent
\setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
     {\section*{\refname}%
      \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}%
      \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
           {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
            \leftmargin\labelwidth
            \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
            \@openbib@code
            \usecounter{enumiv}%
            \let\p@enumiv\@empty
            \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
      \sloppy
      \clubpenalty4000
      \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
      \widowpenalty4000%
      \sfcode`\.\@m}
     {\def\@noitemerr
       {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
      \endlist}
\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
\let\@openbib@code\@empty
\newenvironment{theindex}
               {\if@twocolumn
                  \@restonecolfalse
                \else
                  \@restonecoltrue
                \fi
                \twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
                \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                        {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
                \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
                \columnseprule \z@
                \columnsep 35\p@
                \let\item\@idxitem}
               {\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
  \kern-3\p@
  \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
  \kern2.6\p@}
\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
    \parindent 1em%
    \noindent
    \hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\refname{References}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract}
\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
  January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
  July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
  \space\number\day, \number\year}
\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
\pagestyle{plain}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\if@twoside
\else
  \raggedbottom
\fi
\if@twocolumn
  \twocolumn
  \sloppy
  \flushbottom
\else
  \onecolumn
\fi
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `article.cls'.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End /macros/LaTeX/base/article.cls %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Start /macros/LaTeX/amsmath/amsmath.sty %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%
%% This is file `amsmath.sty',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% amsmath.dtx 
%% 
%%% ====================================================================
%%% @LaTeX-file{
%%%   filename  = "amsmath.dtx",
%%%   version   = "2.13",
%%%   date      = "2000/07/18",
%%%   time      = "08:16:41 EDT",
%%%   author    = "American Mathematical Society",
%%%   copyright = "Copyright 1995, 2000 American Mathematical Society,
%%%                all rights reserved.  Copying of this file is
%%%                authorized only if either:
%%%                (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy,
%%%                including name; OR
%%%                (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it
%%%                to some other name.",
%%%   address   = "American Mathematical Society,
%%%                Technical Support,
%%%                Publications Technical Group,
%%%                P. O. Box 6248,
%%%                Providence, RI 02940,
%%%                USA",
%%%   telephone = "401-455-4080 or (in the USA and Canada)
%%%                800-321-4AMS (321-4267)",
%%%   FAX       = "401-331-3842",
%%%   checksum  = "38084 5829 21569 202795",
%%%   email     = "tech-support@ams.org (Internet)",
%%%   codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%   keywords  = "latex, amslatex, math, amsmath",
%%%   supported = "yes",
%%%   abstract  = "This is a \LaTeX{} package that provides a variety of
%%%                extra mathematical features, largely derived from
%%%                AMS-\TeX{}.",
%%%   docstring = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 checksum
%%%                as the first value, followed by the equivalent of
%%%                the standard UNIX wc (word count) utility output of
%%%                lines, words, and characters.  This is produced by
%%%                Robert Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%% }
%%% ====================================================================
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}% LaTeX 2.09 can't be used (nor non-LaTeX)
[1994/12/01]% LaTeX date must be December 1994 or later
\ProvidesPackage{amsmath}[2000/07/18 v2.13 AMS math features]
\edef\@temp{\catcode 96=\number\catcode 96 }
\catcode\string `\`=12
\def\do#1{\catcode\number`#1=\number\catcode`#1}
\edef\@temp{%
  \noexpand\AtEndOfPackage{%
    \@temp
    \do\"\do\'\do\(\do\)\do\*\do\+\do\,\do\-\do\.%
    \do\/\do\<\do\=\do\>\do\[\do\]\do\^\do\_\relax
  }%
}
\@temp
\def\do#1{\catcode\number`#1=12 }
\do\"\do\'\do\(\do\)\do\*\do\+\do\,\do\-\do\.
\do\/\do\<\do\=\do\>\do\[\do\]
\catcode`\^=7 \catcode`\_=8
\DeclareOption{intlimits}{\let\ilimits@\displaylimits}
\DeclareOption{nointlimits}{\let\ilimits@\nolimits}
\DeclareOption{sumlimits}{\let\slimits@\displaylimits}
\DeclareOption{nosumlimits}{\let\slimits@\nolimits}
\DeclareOption{namelimits}{\PassOptionsToPackage{namelimits}{amsopn}}
\DeclareOption{nonamelimits}{%
  \PassOptionsToPackage{nonamelimits}{amsopn}}
\newif\ifctagsplit@
\newif\iftagsleft@
\DeclareOption{leqno}{\tagsleft@true}
\DeclareOption{reqno}{\tagsleft@false}
\DeclareOption{centertags}{\ctagsplit@true}
\DeclareOption{tbtags}{\ctagsplit@false}
\DeclareOption{cmex10}{%
  \ifnum\cmex@opt=\@ne \def\cmex@opt{0}%
  \else \def\cmex@opt{10}\fi
}
\@ifundefined{cmex@opt}{\def\cmex@opt{7}}{}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newif\if@fleqn
\newskip\@mathmargin
\@mathmargin\@centering
\DeclareOption{fleqn}{%
    \@fleqntrue
    \@mathmargin = -1sp
    \let\mathindent=\@mathmargin
    \AtBeginDocument{%
        \ifdim\@mathmargin= -1sp
            \@mathmargin\leftmargini minus\leftmargini
        \fi
    }%
}
\DeclareOption{?}{}
\ExecuteOptions{nointlimits,sumlimits,namelimits,centertags}
\ProcessOptions\par
\@ifpackagewith{amsmath}{?}{%
  \typeout{^^J%
Documentation for the amsmath package is found in amsldoc.dvi^^J%
(or .pdf or .tex).^^J%
^^J%
See also http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html.^^J%
^^J%
Note: Using the first edition of The LaTeX Companion (1994) without^^J%
errata as a guide for amsmath use is not recommended.^^J%
  }%
}{%
  \typeout{%
For additional information on amsmath, use the \lq ?\rq\space option.%
  }%
}
\ifnum\cmex@opt=7 \relax
  \DeclareFontShape{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}{%
    <-8>cmex7<8>cmex8<9>cmex9%
    <10><10.95><12><14.4><17.28><20.74><24.88>cmex10%
  }{}%
  \expandafter\let\csname OMX/cmex/m/n/10\endcsname\relax
\else
  \ifnum\cmex@opt=\z@ % need to override cmex7 fontdef from amsfonts
    \begingroup
    \fontencoding{OMX}\fontfamily{cmex}%
    \expandafter\let\csname OMX+cmex\endcsname\relax
    \try@load@fontshape
    \endgroup
    \expandafter\let\csname OMX/cmex/m/n/10\endcsname\relax
    \def\cmex@opt{10}%
  \fi
\fi
\RequirePackage{amstext}[1995/01/25]
\RequirePackage{amsbsy}[1995/01/20]
\RequirePackage{amsopn}[1995/01/20]
\def\@amsmath@err{\PackageError{amsmath}}
\providecommand{\AmS}{{\protect\AmSfont
  A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}
\newcommand{\AmSfont}{%
  \usefont{OMS}{cmsy}{\if\@xp\@car\f@series\@nil bb\else m\fi}{n}}
\def\@mathmeasure#1#2#3{\setbox#1\hbox{\frozen@everymath\@emptytoks
  \m@th$#2#3$}}
\@ifundefined{inf@bad}{%
  \newcount\inf@bad \inf@bad=1000000 \relax
}{}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\tmspace}[3]{%
  \ifmmode\mskip#1#2\else\kern#1#3\fi\relax}
\renewcommand{\,}{\tmspace+\thinmuskip{.1667em}}
\let\thinspace\,
\renewcommand{\!}{\tmspace-\thinmuskip{.1667em}}
\let\negthinspace\!
\renewcommand{\:}{\tmspace+\medmuskip{.2222em}}
\let\medspace\:
\newcommand{\negmedspace}{\tmspace-\medmuskip{.2222em}}
\renewcommand{\;}{\tmspace+\thickmuskip{.2777em}}
\let\thickspace\;
\newcommand{\negthickspace}{\tmspace-\thickmuskip{.2777em}}
\newcommand{\mspace}[1]{\mskip#1\relax}
\def\@tempa#1#2\@nil{%
  \ifx\delimiter#1\@tempcnta#2\relax\else\@tempcnta\z@\fi
}
\@xp\@tempa\vert\@empty\@nil
\ifnum\@tempcnta>\z@
  \advance\@tempcnta "4000000
  \xdef\lvert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
  \advance\@tempcnta "1000000
  \xdef\rvert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\else
  \ifx\@@undefined\lvert
    % Fall back to cmex encoding since we don't know what else to do.
    \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lvert}
      {\mathopen}{symbols}{"6A}{largesymbols}{"0C}
    \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rvert}
      {\mathclose}{symbols}{"6A}{largesymbols}{"0C}
  \fi
\fi
\@xp\@tempa\Vert\@empty\@nil
\ifnum\@tempcnta>\z@
  \advance\@tempcnta "4000000
  \xdef\lVert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
  \advance\@tempcnta "1000000
  \xdef\rVert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\else
  \ifx\@@undefined\lVert
    \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lVert}
      {\mathopen}{symbols}{"6B}{largesymbols}{"0D}
    \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rVert}
      {\mathclose}{symbols}{"6B}{largesymbols}{"0D}
  \fi
\fi
\@saveprimitive\over\@@over
\@saveprimitive\atop\@@atop
\@saveprimitive\above\@@above
\@saveprimitive\overwithdelims\@@overwithdelims
\@saveprimitive\atopwithdelims\@@atopwithdelims
\@saveprimitive\abovewithdelims\@@abovewithdelims
\DeclareRobustCommand{\primfrac}[1]{%
  \PackageWarning{amsmath}{%
Foreign command \@backslashchar#1;\MessageBreak
\protect\frac\space or \protect\genfrac\space should be used instead%
\MessageBreak
  }
  \global\@xp\let\csname#1\@xp\endcsname\csname @@#1\endcsname
  \csname#1\endcsname
}
\renewcommand{\over}{\primfrac{over}}
\renewcommand{\atop}{\primfrac{atop}}
\renewcommand{\above}{\primfrac{above}}
\renewcommand{\overwithdelims}{\primfrac{overwithdelims}}
\renewcommand{\atopwithdelims}{\primfrac{atopwithdelims}}
\renewcommand{\abovewithdelims}{\primfrac{abovewithdelims}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\frac}[2]{{\begingroup#1\endgroup\@@over#2}}
\newcommand{\dfrac}{\genfrac{}{}{}0}
\newcommand{\tfrac}{\genfrac{}{}{}1}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\binom}{\genfrac()\z@{}}
\newcommand{\dbinom}{\genfrac(){0pt}0}
\newcommand{\tbinom}{\genfrac(){0pt}1}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\genfrac}[4]{%
  \def\@tempa{#1#2}%
  \edef\@tempb{\@nx\@genfrac\@mathstyle{#4}%
    \csname @@\ifx @#3@over\else above\fi
    \ifx\@tempa\@empty \else withdelims\fi\endcsname}
  \@tempb{#1#2#3}}
\def\@genfrac#1#2#3#4#5{{#1{\begingroup#4\endgroup#2#3\relax#5}}}
\def\@mathstyle#1{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty\relax
  \else\ifcase#1\displaystyle % case 0
    \or\textstyle\or\scriptstyle\else\scriptscriptstyle\fi\fi}
\begingroup
\edef\@tempa{\string\mathchar"}
\def\@tempb#1"#2\@nil{#1"}
\edef\@tempc{\expandafter\@tempb\meaning\coprod "\@nil}
\ifx\@tempa\@tempc
  \global\let\coprod@\coprod
  \gdef\coprod{\DOTSB\coprod@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigvee@\bigvee
  \gdef\bigvee{\DOTSB\bigvee@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigwedge@\bigwedge
  \gdef\bigwedge{\DOTSB\bigwedge@\slimits@}
  \global\let\biguplus@\biguplus
  \gdef\biguplus{\DOTSB\biguplus@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigcap@\bigcap
  \gdef\bigcap{\DOTSB\bigcap@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigcup@\bigcup
  \gdef\bigcup{\DOTSB\bigcup@\slimits@}
  \global\let\prod@\prod
  \gdef\prod{\DOTSB\prod@\slimits@}
  \global\let\sum@\sum
  \gdef\sum{\DOTSB\sum@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigotimes@\bigotimes
  \gdef\bigotimes{\DOTSB\bigotimes@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigoplus@\bigoplus
  \gdef\bigoplus{\DOTSB\bigoplus@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigodot@\bigodot
  \gdef\bigodot{\DOTSB\bigodot@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigsqcup@\bigsqcup
  \gdef\bigsqcup{\DOTSB\bigsqcup@\slimits@}
\fi
\endgroup
\newcommand{\leftroot}{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\leftroot}\@eha}
\newcommand{\uproot}{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\uproot}\@eha}
\newcount\uproot@
\newcount\leftroot@
\renewcommand{\root}{\relaxnext@
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token\uproot\let\next@\nextii@\else
   \ifx\@let@token\leftroot\let\next@\nextiii@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextii@\uproot##1{\uproot@##1\relax\FN@\nextiv@}%
  \def\nextiv@{\ifx\@let@token\@sptoken\DN@. {\FN@\nextv@}\else
   \DN@.{\FN@\nextv@}\fi\next@.}%
  \def\nextv@{\ifx\@let@token\leftroot\let\next@\nextvi@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextvi@\leftroot##1{\leftroot@##1\relax\plainroot@}%
   \def\nextiii@\leftroot##1{\leftroot@##1\relax\FN@\nextvii@}%
  \def\nextvii@{\ifx\@let@token\@sptoken
   \DN@. {\FN@\nextviii@}\else
   \DN@.{\FN@\nextviii@}\fi\next@.}%
  \def\nextviii@{\ifx\@let@token\uproot\let\next@\nextix@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextix@\uproot##1{\uproot@##1\relax\plainroot@}%
  \bgroup\uproot@\z@\leftroot@\z@\FN@\next@}
\def\plainroot@#1\of#2{\setbox\rootbox\hbox{%
 $\m@th\scriptscriptstyle{#1}$}%
 \mathchoice{\r@@t\displaystyle{#2}}{\r@@t\textstyle{#2}}
 {\r@@t\scriptstyle{#2}}{\r@@t\scriptscriptstyle{#2}}\egroup}

\@ifundefined{sqrtsign}{\let\sqrtsign\@@sqrt}{}
\def\r@@t#1#2{\setboxz@h{$\m@th#1\sqrtsign{#2}$}%
 \dimen@\ht\z@\advance\dimen@-\dp\z@
 \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th#1\mskip\uproot@ mu$}%
 \advance\dimen@ by1.667\wd\@ne
 \mkern-\leftroot@ mu\mkern5mu\raise.6\dimen@\copy\rootbox
 \mkern-10mu\mkern\leftroot@ mu\boxz@}
\@ifundefined{varGamma}{%
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varGamma}{\mathord}{letters}{"00}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varDelta}{\mathord}{letters}{"01}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varTheta}{\mathord}{letters}{"02}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varLambda}{\mathord}{letters}{"03}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varXi}{\mathord}{letters}{"04}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPi}{\mathord}{letters}{"05}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varSigma}{\mathord}{letters}{"06}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varUpsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{"07}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPhi}{\mathord}{letters}{"08}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPsi}{\mathord}{letters}{"09}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varOmega}{\mathord}{letters}{"0A}
}{}
\@saveprimitive\overline\@@overline
\DeclareRobustCommand{\overline}[1]{\@@overline{#1}}
\newcommand{\boxed}[1]{\fbox{\m@th$\displaystyle#1$}}
\newcommand{\implies}{\DOTSB\;\Longrightarrow\;}
\newcommand{\impliedby}{\DOTSB\;\Longleftarrow\;}
\def\And{\DOTSB\;\mathchar"3026 \;}
\newcommand{\nobreakdash}{\leavevmode
  \toks@\@emptytoks \def\@tempa##1{\toks@\@xp{\the\toks@-}\FN@\next@}%
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token-\@xp\@tempa
       \else\setboxz@h{\the\toks@\nobreak}\unhbox\z@\fi}%
  \FN@\next@
}
\renewcommand{\colon}{\nobreak\mskip2mu\mathpunct{}\nonscript
  \mkern-\thinmuskip{:}\mskip6muplus1mu\relax}
\let\ifgtest@\iffalse                              % initial value
\def\gtest@true{\global\let\ifgtest@\iftrue}
\def\gtest@false{\global\let\ifgtest@\iffalse}
\let\DOTSI\relax
\let\DOTSB\relax
\let\DOTSX\relax
{\uccode`7=`\\ \uccode`8=`m \uccode`9=`a \uccode`0=`t \uccode`!=`h
 \uppercase{%
  \gdef\math@#1#2#3#4#5#6\math@{\gtest@false\ifx 7#1\ifx 8#2%
  \ifx 9#3\ifx 0#4\ifx !#5\xdef\meaning@{#6}\gtest@true
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}}}
{\uccode`7=`c \uccode`8=`h \uccode`9=`\"
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathch@#1#2#3#4#5#6\mathch@{\gtest@false
  \ifx 7#1\ifx 8#2\ifx 9#5\gtest@true\xdef\meaning@{9#6}\fi\fi\fi}}}
\newcount\classnum@
\def\getmathch@#1.#2\getmathch@{\classnum@#1 \divide\classnum@4096
 \ifcase\number\classnum@\or\or\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}\or
 \gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}\fi}
{\uccode`4=`b \uccode`5=`i \uccode`6=`n
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathbin@#1#2#3{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\mathbin@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
  \gtest@false\DN@##1\mathbin@{}%
 \ifx 4#1\ifx 5#2\ifx 6#3\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`4=`r \uccode`5=`e \uccode`6=`l
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathrel@#1#2#3{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\mathrel@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
 \gtest@false\DN@##1\mathrel@{}%
 \ifx 4#1\ifx 5#2\ifx 6#3\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`5=`m \uccode`6=`a \uccode`7=`c
 \uppercase{\gdef\macro@#1#2#3#4\macro@{\gtest@false
  \ifx 5#1\ifx 6#2\ifx 7#3\gtest@true
  \xdef\meaning@{\macro@@#4\macro@@}\fi\fi\fi}}}
\def\macro@@#1->#2\macro@@{#2}
\newcount\DOTSCASE@
{\uccode`6=`\\ \uccode`7=`D \uccode`8=`O \uccode`9=`T \uccode`0=`S
 \uppercase{\gdef\DOTS@#1#2#3#4#5{\gtest@false\DN@##1\DOTS@{}%
  \ifx 6#1\ifx 7#2\ifx 8#3\ifx 9#4\ifx 0#5\let\next@\DOTS@@
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
  \next@}}}
{\uccode`3=`B \uccode`4=`I \uccode`5=`X
 \uppercase{\gdef\DOTS@@#1{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\DOTS@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
  \DN@{\FN@\nextii@}%
  \ifx 3#1\global\DOTSCASE@\z@\else
  \ifx 4#1\global\DOTSCASE@\@ne\else
  \ifx 5#1\global\DOTSCASE@\tw@\else\DN@##1\DOTS@{}%
  \fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`5=`\\ \uccode`6=`n \uccode`7=`o \uccode`8=`t
 \uppercase{\gdef\not@#1#2#3#4{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\not@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
 \gtest@false\DN@##1\not@{}%
 \ifx 5#1\ifx 6#2\ifx 7#3\ifx 8#4\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi
 \fi\next@}}}
\def\keybin@{\gtest@true
 \ifx\@let@token+\else\ifx\@let@token=\else
 \ifx\@let@token<\else\ifx\@let@token>\else
 \ifx\@let@token-\else\ifx\@let@token*\else\ifx\@let@token:\else
   \gtest@false\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\@ifundefined{@ldots}{\def\@ldots{\mathellipsis}}{}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\ldots}{%
  \ifmmode \mathellipsis \else \textellipsis \fi
}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\dots}{%
  \ifmmode \@xp\mdots@\else \@xp\textellipsis \fi
}
\def\tdots@{\leavevmode\unskip\relaxnext@
 \DN@{$\m@th\@ldots\,
   \ifx\@let@token,\,$\else\ifx\@let@token.\,$\else
   \ifx\@let@token;\,$\else\ifx\@let@token:\,$\else
   \ifx\@let@token?\,$\else\ifx\@let@token!\,$\else
     $ \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}%
  \ \FN@\next@}
\def\mdots@{\FN@\mdots@@}
\def\mdots@@{\gdef\thedots@{\dotso@}%
 \ifx\@let@token\boldsymbol \gdef\thedots@\boldsymbol{\boldsymboldots@}%
 \else\ifx,\@let@token \gdef\thedots@{\dotsc}%
 \else\ifx\not\@let@token \gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
 \else\keybin@
 \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
 \else\xdef\meaning@{\meaning\@let@token..........}%
   \xdef\meaning@@{\meaning@}%
  \@xp\math@\meaning@\math@
  \ifgtest@
   \@xp\mathch@\meaning@\mathch@
   \ifgtest@\@xp\getmathch@\meaning@\getmathch@\fi
  \else\@xp\macro@\meaning@@\macro@
  \ifgtest@
   \@xp\not@\meaning@\not@\ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \else\@xp\DOTS@\meaning@\DOTS@
  \ifgtest@
   \ifcase\number\DOTSCASE@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
    \or\gdef\thedots@{\dotsi}\else\fi
  \else\@xp\math@\meaning@\math@
  \ifgtest@\@xp\mathbin@\meaning@\mathbin@
  \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \else\@xp\mathrel@\meaning@\mathrel@
  \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
 \thedots@}
\def\boldsymboldots@#1{%
  \bold@true\let\@let@token=#1\let\delayed@=#1\mdots@@
  \boldsymbol#1\bold@false}
\def\@cdots{\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}
\newcommand{\dotsi}{\!\@cdots}
\let\dotsb@\@cdots
\def\rightdelim@{\gtest@true
 \ifx\@let@token)\else
 \ifx\@let@token]\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rbrack\else
 \ifx\@let@token\}\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rbrace\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rangle\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rceil\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rfloor\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rgroup\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rmoustache\else
 \ifx\@let@token\right\else
 \ifx\@let@token\bigr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\biggr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\Bigr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\Biggr\else\gtest@false
 \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\def\extra@{%
 \rightdelim@\ifgtest@
 \else\ifx\@let@token$\gtest@true
 \else\xdef\meaning@{\meaning\@let@token..........}%
 \@xp\macro@\meaning@\macro@\ifgtest@
 \@xp\DOTS@\meaning@\DOTS@
 \ifgtest@
 \ifnum\DOTSCASE@=\tw@\gtest@true\else\gtest@false
 \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\newif\ifbold@
\def\dotso@{\relaxnext@
 \ifbold@
  \let\@let@token\delayed@
  \def\nextii@{\extra@\@ldots\ifgtest@\,\fi}%
 \else
  \def\nextii@{\DN@{\extra@\@ldots\ifgtest@\,\fi}\FN@\next@}%
 \fi
 \nextii@}
\def\extrap@#1{%
 \DN@{#1\,}%
 \ifx\@let@token,\else
 \ifx\@let@token;\else
 \ifx\@let@token.\else\extra@
 \ifgtest@\else
 \let\next@#1\fi\fi\fi\fi\next@}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\cdots}{\DN@{\extrap@\@cdots}\FN@\next@}
\let\dotsb\cdots
\let\dotsm\cdots
\DeclareRobustCommand{\dotso}{\relax
  \ifmmode \DN@{\extrap@\@ldots}%
  \else \let\next@\tdots@\fi
  \FN@\next@}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\dotsc}{%
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token;\@ldots\,%
       \else \ifx\@let@token.\@ldots\,%
       \else \extra@\@ldots \ifgtest@\,\fi
       \fi\fi}%
  \FN@\next@}
\renewcommand{\longrightarrow}{%
  \DOTSB\protect\relbar\protect\joinrel\rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\Longrightarrow}{%
  \DOTSB\protect\Relbar\protect\joinrel\Rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\longleftarrow}{%
  \DOTSB\leftarrow\protect\joinrel\protect\relbar}
\renewcommand{\Longleftarrow}{%
  \DOTSB\Leftarrow\protect\joinrel\protect\Relbar}
\renewcommand{\longleftrightarrow}{\DOTSB\leftarrow\joinrel\rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\Longleftrightarrow}{\DOTSB\Leftarrow\joinrel\Rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\mapsto}{\DOTSB\mapstochar\rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\longmapsto}{\DOTSB\mapstochar\longrightarrow}
\renewcommand{\hookrightarrow}{\DOTSB\lhook\joinrel\rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\hookleftarrow}{\DOTSB\leftarrow\joinrel\rhook}
\renewcommand{\iff}{\DOTSB\;\Longleftrightarrow\;}
\renewcommand{\doteq}{%
  \DOTSB\mathrel{\mathop{\kern0pt =}\limits^{\textstyle.}}}
\newif\if@display
\everydisplay\@xp{\the\everydisplay \@displaytrue}
\renewcommand{\int}{\DOTSI\intop\ilimits@}
\renewcommand{\oint}{\DOTSI\ointop\ilimits@}
\def\intkern@{\mkern-6mu\mathchoice{\mkern-3mu}{}{}{}}
\def\intdots@{\mathchoice{\@cdots}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}}
\newcommand{\iint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{2}}
\newcommand{\iiint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{3}}
\newcommand{\iiiint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{4}}
\newcommand{\idotsint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{0}}
\newcommand{\MultiIntegral}[1]{%
  \edef\ints@c{\noexpand\intop
    \ifnum#1=\z@\noexpand\intdots@\else\noexpand\intkern@\fi
    \ifnum#1>\tw@\noexpand\intop\noexpand\intkern@\fi
    \ifnum#1>\thr@@\noexpand\intop\noexpand\intkern@\fi
    \noexpand\intop
    \noexpand\ilimits@
  }%
  \futurelet\@let@token\ints@a
}
\def\ints@a{%
  \ifx\limits\@let@token \ints@b
  \else \ifx\displaylimits\@let@token \ints@b
  \else\ifx\ilimits@\displaylimits \ints@b
  \fi\fi\fi
  \ints@c
}
\def\ints@b{%
  \mkern-7mu\mathchoice{\mkern-2mu}{}{}{}%
  \mathop\bgroup
    \mkern7mu\mathchoice{\mkern2mu}{}{}{}%
    \let\ilimits@\egroup
}%
\newbox\Mathstrutbox@
\setbox\Mathstrutbox@=\hbox{}
\def\Mathstrut@{\copy\Mathstrutbox@}
\def\resetMathstrut@{%
  \setbox\z@\hbox{%
    \mathchardef\@tempa\mathcode`\(\relax
    \def\@tempb##1"##2##3{\the\textfont"##3\char"}%
    \expandafter\@tempb\meaning\@tempa \relax
  }%
  \ht\Mathstrutbox@\ht\z@ \dp\Mathstrutbox@\dp\z@
}
\addto@hook\every@math@size{\resetMathstrut@}
\newbox\strutbox@
\def\strut@{\copy\strutbox@}
\def\reset@strutbox@{%
  \global\setbox\strutbox@\hbox{%
    \lower.5\normallineskiplimit
       \vbox{\kern-\normallineskiplimit\copy\strutbox}}}
\addto@hook\every@math@size{\reset@strutbox@}
\AtBeginDocument{\reset@strutbox@}
\renewcommand{\big}{\bBigg@\@ne}
\renewcommand{\Big}{\bBigg@{1.5}}
\renewcommand{\bigg}{\bBigg@\tw@}
\renewcommand{\Bigg}{\bBigg@{2.5}}
\def\bBigg@#1#2{%
  {\@mathmeasure\z@{\nulldelimiterspace\z@}%
     {\left#2\vcenter to#1\big@size{}\right.}%
   \box\z@}}
\addto@hook\every@math@size{%
  \global\big@size 1.2\ht\Mathstrutbox@
  \global\advance\big@size 1.2\dp\Mathstrutbox@ }
\newdimen\big@size
\def\accentclass@{7}
\def\noaccents@{\def\accentclass@{0}}
\DeclareFontEncoding{OML}{}{\noaccents@}
\DeclareFontEncoding{OMS}{}{\noaccents@}
\newcommand{\dddot}[1]{%
  {\mathop{#1}\limits^{\vbox to-1.4\ex@{\kern-\tw@\ex@
   \hbox{\normalfont ...}\vss}}}}
\newcommand{\ddddot}[1]{%
  {\mathop{#1}\limits^{\vbox to-1.4\ex@{\kern-\tw@\ex@
   \hbox{\normalfont....}\vss}}}}
\def\set@mathaccent#1#2#3#4{%
  \xdef#2{\@nx\protect\@nx\mathaccentV
    {\@xp\@gobble\string#2}\hexnumber@#1#4}%
}
\def\@tempa#1{\@xp\@tempb\meaning#1\@nil#1}
\def\@tempb#1>#2#3 #4\@nil#5{%
  \@xp\ifx\csname#3\endcsname\mathaccent
    \@tempc#4?"7777\@nil#5%
  \else
    \PackageWarningNoLine{amsmath}{%
      Unable to redefine math accent \string#5}%
  \fi
}
\def\@tempc#1"#2#3#4#5#6\@nil#7{%
  \chardef\@tempd="#3\relax\set@mathaccent\@tempd{#7}{#2}{#4#5}}
\@tempa{\hat}
\@tempa{\check}
\@tempa{\tilde}
\@tempa{\acute}
\@tempa{\grave}
\@tempa{\dot}
\@tempa{\ddot}
\@tempa{\breve}
\@tempa{\bar}
\@tempa{\vec}
\@ifundefined{mathring}{%
  \DeclareMathAccent{\mathring}{\mathalpha}{operators}{"17}
}{%
  \@tempa{\mathring}
}
%%\@tempa\widetilde
%%\@tempa\widehat
\newcommand{\acc@check}{}
\newcommand{\acc@error}{}
\def\acc@check{\@ifnextchar\@empty\relax\acc@error}
\def\acc@error{%
  \@amsmath@err{%
    Improper argument for math accent:\MessageBreak
    Extra braces must be added to prevent wrong output%
  }\@ehc
}
\newcount\macc@depth
\long\def\@gobblethree#1#2#3{}
\def\mathaccentV#1#2#3#4#5{%
  \ifmmode
    \gdef\macc@tmp{\macc@depth\@ne}%
    \setbox\z@\hbox{%
      \let\mathaccentV\macc@test
      \let\use@mathgroup\@gobbletwo \let\select@group\@gobblethree
      \frozen@everymath{}$#5$%
    }%
    \macc@tmp
    \ifnum\macc@depth=\@ne
      \global\let\macc@nucleus\@empty
      \mathaccent"\accentclass@
    \else
      \@xp\macc@nested
    \fi
    #2#3#4{#5}%
    \macc@nucleus
  \else
    \@xp\nonmatherr@\csname#1\endcsname
  \fi
}
\def\macc@test#1#2#3#4{\xdef\macc@tmp{\macc@tmp\advance\macc@depth\@ne}}
\def\macc@group{-1}
\def\macc@nested#1#2#3#4{%
  \begingroup
  \let\math@bgroup\@empty \let\math@egroup\macc@set@skewchar
  \mathsurround\z@ \frozen@everymath{\mathgroup\macc@group\relax}%
  \macc@set@skewchar\relax
  \let\mathaccentV\macc@nested@a
  \macc@nested@a\relax#1#2#3{#4}%
  \endgroup
}
\let\macc@palette\mathpalette
\def\macc@nested@a#1#2#3#4#5{%
  \ifnum\macc@group=\mathgroup
  \else \macc@set@skewchar\relax \edef\macc@group{\the\mathgroup}%
  \fi
  \mathchardef\macc@code "\accentclass@ #2#3#4\relax
  \macc@palette\macc@a{#5}%
}
\def\macc@set@skewchar#1{%
  \begingroup
  \ifnum\mathgroup=\m@ne \let\@tempa\@ne
  \else
    \ifnum\skewchar\textfont\mathgroup=\m@ne \let\@tempa\@ne
    \else \let\@tempa\mathgroup
    \fi
  \fi
  \count@=\skewchar\textfont\@tempa
  \advance\count@"7100
  \edef\@tempa{\endgroup
    \mathchardef\noexpand\macc@skewchar=\number\count@\relax}%
  \@tempa
  #1%
}
\def\macc@a#1#2{%
  \begingroup
  \let\macc@style#1\relax
  \def\macc@palette##1{##1\macc@style}%
  \advance\macc@depth\m@ne
  \ifnum\macc@depth=\z@
    \gdef\macc@nucleus{#2}%
    \setbox\z@\hbox{$#1#2\@empty{}\macc@skewchar$}%
    \setbox\tw@\hbox{$#1#2\@empty\macc@skewchar$}%
    \dimen@\tw@\wd\tw@ \advance\dimen@-\tw@\wd\z@
    \xdef\macc@kerna{\the\dimen@\relax}%
    \setbox4\hbox{$#1#2\acc@check\@empty$}%
    \global\setbox\@ne\hbox to\wd4{}%
    \ht\@ne\ht4 \dp\@ne\dp4
    \xdef\macc@kernb{\the\wd4\relax}%
    \mathaccent\macc@code{\box\@ne\kern\macc@kerna}%
  \else
    \mathaccent\macc@code{\let\macc@adjust\@empty #1#2\@empty}%
    \macc@adjust
  \fi
  \endgroup
}
\def\macc@adjust{%
  \dimen@\macc@kerna\advance\dimen@\macc@kernb
  \kern-\dimen@
}
\def\Hat{\hat}
\def\Check{\check}
\def\Tilde{\tilde}
\def\Acute{\acute}
\def\Grave{\grave}
\def\Dot{\dot}
\def\Ddot{\ddot}
\def\Breve{\breve}
\def\Bar{\bar}
\def\Vec{\vec}
\def\nonmatherr@#1{\@amsmath@err{\protect
  #1 allowed only in math mode}\@ehd}
\renewcommand{\bmod}{\nonscript\mskip-\medmuskip\mkern5mu\mathbin
  {\operator@font mod}\penalty900
  \mkern5mu\nonscript\mskip-\medmuskip}
\newcommand{\pod}[1]{\allowbreak
  \if@display\mkern18mu\else\mkern8mu\fi(#1)}
\renewcommand{\pmod}[1]{\pod{{\operator@font mod}\mkern6mu#1}}
\newcommand{\mod}[1]{\allowbreak\if@display\mkern18mu
  \else\mkern12mu\fi{\operator@font mod}\,\,#1}
\newcommand{\cfrac}[3][c]{{\displaystyle\frac{%
  \strut\ifx r#1\hfill\fi#2\ifx l#1\hfill\fi}{#3}}%
  \kern-\nulldelimiterspace}
\newcommand{\overset}[2]{\binrel@{#2}%
  \binrel@@{\mathop{\kern\z@#2}\limits^{#1}}}
\newcommand{\underset}[2]{\binrel@{#2}%
  \binrel@@{\mathop{\kern\z@#2}\limits_{#1}}}
\newcommand{\sideset}[3]{%
  \@mathmeasure\z@\displaystyle{#3}%
  \global\setbox\@ne\vbox to\ht\z@{}\dp\@ne\dp\z@
  \setbox\tw@\box\@ne
  \@mathmeasure4\displaystyle{\copy\tw@#1}%
  \@mathmeasure6\displaystyle{#3\nolimits#2}%
  \dimen@-\wd6 \advance\dimen@\wd4 \advance\dimen@\wd\z@
  \hbox to\dimen@{}\mathop{\kern-\dimen@\box4\box6}%
}
\renewcommand{\smash}[1][tb]{%
  \def\mb@t{\ht}\def\mb@b{\dp}\def\mb@tb{\ht\z@\z@\dp}%
  \edef\finsm@sh{\csname mb@#1\endcsname\z@\z@ \box\z@}%
  \ifmmode \@xp\mathpalette\@xp\mathsm@sh
  \else \@xp\makesm@sh
  \fi
}
\mathchardef\std@minus\mathcode`\-\relax
\mathchardef\std@equal\mathcode`\=\relax
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \mathchardef\std@minus\mathcode`\-\relax
  \mathchardef\std@equal\mathcode`\=\relax
}
\def\relbar{\mathrel{\mathpalette\mathsm@sh\std@minus}}
\def\Relbar{\mathrel\std@equal}
\def\arrowfill@#1#2#3#4{%
  $\m@th\thickmuskip0mu\medmuskip\thickmuskip\thinmuskip\thickmuskip
   \relax#4#1\mkern-7mu%
   \cleaders\hbox{$#4\mkern-2mu#2\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
   \mkern-7mu#3$%
}
\def\leftarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\leftarrow\relbar\relbar}
\def\rightarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\relbar\relbar\rightarrow}
\def\leftrightarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\leftarrow\relbar\rightarrow}
\def\Leftarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\Leftarrow\Relbar\Relbar}
\def\Rightarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\Relbar\Relbar\Rightarrow}
\def\Leftrightarrowfill@{\arrowfill@\Leftarrow\Relbar\Rightarrow}
\def\overarrow@#1#2#3{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr#1#2\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#2#3\hfil$\crcr}}}
\renewcommand{\overrightarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\overarrow@\rightarrowfill@}}
\renewcommand{\overleftarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\overarrow@\leftarrowfill@}}
\newcommand{\overleftrightarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\overarrow@\leftrightarrowfill@}}
\def\underarrow@#1#2#3{%
 \vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#2#3\hfil$\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip\kern1.3\ex@}#1#2\crcr}}}
\newcommand{\underrightarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\underarrow@\rightarrowfill@}}
\newcommand{\underleftarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\underarrow@\leftarrowfill@}}
\newcommand{\underleftrightarrow}{%
  \mathpalette{\underarrow@\leftrightarrowfill@}}
\def\ext@arrow#1#2#3#4#5#6#7{%
  \mathrel{\mathop{%
    \setbox\z@\hbox{#5\displaystyle}%
    \setbox\tw@\vbox{\m@th
      \hbox{$\scriptstyle\mkern#3mu{#6}\mkern#4mu$}%
      \hbox{$\scriptstyle\mkern#3mu{#7}\mkern#4mu$}%
      \copy\z@
    }%
    \hbox to\wd\tw@{\unhbox\z@}}%
  \limits
    \@ifnotempty{#7}{^{\if0#1\else\mkern#1mu\fi
                       #7\if0#2\else\mkern#2mu\fi}}%
    \@ifnotempty{#6}{_{\if0#1\else\mkern#1mu\fi
                       #6\if0#2\else\mkern#2mu\fi}}}%
}
\newcommand{\xrightarrow}[2][]{\ext@arrow 0359\rightarrowfill@{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\xleftarrow}[2][]{\ext@arrow 3095\leftarrowfill@{#1}{#2}}
\newenvironment{subarray}[1]{%
  \vcenter\bgroup
  \Let@ \restore@math@cr \default@tag
  \baselineskip\fontdimen10 \scriptfont\tw@
  \advance\baselineskip\fontdimen12 \scriptfont\tw@
  \lineskip\thr@@\fontdimen8 \scriptfont\thr@@
  \lineskiplimit\lineskip
  \ialign\bgroup\ifx c#1\hfil\fi
    $\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil\crcr
}{%
  \crcr\egroup\egroup
}
\newcommand{\substack}[1]{\subarray{c}#1\endsubarray}
\newenvironment{smallmatrix}{\null\,\vcenter\bgroup
  \Let@\restore@math@cr\default@tag
  \baselineskip6\ex@ \lineskip1.5\ex@ \lineskiplimit\lineskip
  \ialign\bgroup\hfil$\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil&&\thickspace\hfil
  $\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil\crcr
}{%
  \crcr\egroup\egroup\,%
}
\renewenvironment{matrix}{%
  \matrix@check\matrix\env@matrix
}{%
  \endarray \hskip -\arraycolsep
}
\def\env@matrix{\hskip -\arraycolsep
  \let\@ifnextchar\new@ifnextchar
  \array{*\c@MaxMatrixCols c}}
\newcount\c@MaxMatrixCols \c@MaxMatrixCols=10
\def\matrix@check#1{%
  \@xp\ifx\csname\@currenvir\endcsname#1%
  \else\matrix@error#1%
    \@xp\@gobble
  \fi
}
\def\matrix@error#1{%
  \@amsmath@err{%
Old form `\string#1' should be \string\begin{\@xp\@gobble\string#1}%
  }{%
`\string#1{...}' is old Plain-TeX syntax whose use is
ill-advised in LaTeX.%
  }%
}
\renewenvironment{pmatrix}{%
  \left(%
  \matrix@check\pmatrix\env@matrix
}{
  \endmatrix\right)%
}
\newenvironment{bmatrix}{\left[\env@matrix}{\endmatrix\right]}
\newenvironment{Bmatrix}{%
  \left\lbrace\env@matrix
}{%
  \endmatrix\right\rbrace
}
\newenvironment{vmatrix}{\left\lvert\env@matrix}{\endmatrix\right\rvert}
\newenvironment{Vmatrix}{\left\lVert\env@matrix}{\endmatrix\right\rVert}
\let\hdots\@ldots
\newcommand{\hdotsfor}[1]{%
  \ifx[#1\@xp\shdots@for\else\hdots@for\@ne{#1}\fi}
\newmuskip\dotsspace@
\def\shdots@for#1]{\hdots@for{#1}}
\def\hdots@for#1#2{\multicolumn{#2}c%
  {\m@th\dotsspace@1.5mu\mkern-#1\dotsspace@
   \xleaders\hbox{$\m@th\mkern#1\dotsspace@.\mkern#1\dotsspace@$}%
           \hfill
   \mkern-#1\dotsspace@}%
   }
\renewenvironment{cases}{%
  \matrix@check\cases\env@cases
}{%
  \endarray\right.%
}
\def\env@cases{%
  \let\@ifnextchar\new@ifnextchar
  \left\lbrace
  \def\arraystretch{1.2}%
  \array{@{}l@{\quad}l@{}}%
}
\newcounter{parentequation}% Counter for ``parent equation''.
\@ifundefined{ignorespacesafterend}{%
  \def\ignorespacesafterend{\global\@ignoretrue}%
}{}
\newenvironment{subequations}{%
  \refstepcounter{equation}%
  \protected@edef\theparentequation{\theequation}%
  \setcounter{parentequation}{\value{equation}}%
  \setcounter{equation}{0}%
  \def\theequation{\theparentequation\alph{equation}}%
  \ignorespaces
}{%
  \setcounter{equation}{\value{parentequation}}%
  \ignorespacesafterend
}
\newcommand{\numberwithin}[3][\arabic]{%
  \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@nocounterr{#2}}{%
    \@ifundefined{c@#3}{\@nocnterr{#3}}{%
      \@addtoreset{#2}{#3}%
      \@xp\xdef\csname the#2\endcsname{%
        \@xp\@nx\csname the#3\endcsname .\@nx#1{#2}}}}%
}
\newcommand{\eqref}[1]{\textup{\tagform@{\ref{#1}}}}
\newcount\dspbrk@lvl
\dspbrk@lvl=-1
\interdisplaylinepenalty\@M
\newcommand{\allowdisplaybreaks}[1][4]{%
  \interdisplaylinepenalty\getdsp@pen{#1}\relax
}
\def\getdsp@pen#1{%
  \ifcase #1\@M \or 9999 \or 6999 \or 2999 \or \z@\fi
}
\newcommand{\displaybreak}{\new@ifnextchar[\dspbrk@{\dspbrk@[4]}}
\chardef\dspbrk@context=\sixt@@n
\def\dspbrk@[#1]{%
  \ifmeasuring@
  \else
    \ifcase\dspbrk@context % case 0 --- OK
      \global\dspbrk@lvl #1\relax
    \or                    % case 1 --- inside a box
      \nogood@displaybreak
    \else                  % other cases --- outside of a display
      \@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\displaybreak}\@eha
    \fi
  \fi
}
\def\nogood@displaybreak{%
  \@amsmath@err{\protect
\displaybreak\space cannot be applied here}%
{One of the enclosing environments creates an
  unbreakable box\MessageBreak
(e.g., split, aligned, gathered, ...).}%
}
\def\math@cr{\relax\iffalse{\fi\ifnum0=`}\fi
  \@ifstar{\global\@eqpen\@M\math@cr@}%
          {\global\@eqpen
             \ifnum\dspbrk@lvl <\z@ \interdisplaylinepenalty
              \else -\@getpen\dspbrk@lvl \fi
           \math@cr@}}
\def\math@cr@{\new@ifnextchar[\math@cr@@{\math@cr@@[\z@]}}
\def\math@cr@@[#1]{\ifnum0=`{\fi \iffalse}\fi\math@cr@@@
  \noalign{\vskip#1\relax}}
\def\Let@{\let\\\math@cr}
\def\restore@math@cr{\def\math@cr@@@{\cr}}
\restore@math@cr
\newcommand{\intertext}{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\intertext}\@eha}
\def\intertext@{%
  \def\intertext##1{%
    \ifvmode\else\\\@empty\fi
    \noalign{%
      \penalty\postdisplaypenalty\vskip\belowdisplayskip
      \vbox{\normalbaselines
        \ifdim\linewidth=\columnwidth
        \else \parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin \linewidth
        \fi
        \noindent##1\par}%
      \penalty\predisplaypenalty\vskip\abovedisplayskip%
    }%
}}
\newhelp\tag@help
  {tag cannot be used at this point.\space
   If you don't understand why^^Jyou should consult
   the documentation.^^JBut don't worry: just continue, and I'll
   forget what happened.}
\def\gobble@tag{\@ifstar\@gobble\@gobble}
\def\invalid@tag#1{\@amsmath@err{#1}{\the\tag@help}\gobble@tag}
\def\dft@tag{\invalid@tag{\string\tag\space not allowed here}}
\def\default@tag{\let\tag\dft@tag}
\default@tag
\def\maketag@@{\@ifstar\maketag@@@\tagform@}
\def\maketag@@@#1{\hbox{\m@th\normalfont#1}}
\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{(\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr)}}
\iftagsleft@
  \def\@eqnnum{\hbox to1sp{}\rlap{\normalfont\normalcolor
    \hskip -\displaywidth\tagform@\theequation}}
\else
  \def\@eqnnum{{\normalfont\normalcolor \tagform@\theequation}}
\fi
\newcommand{\thetag}{\leavevmode\tagform@}
\let\df@tag\@empty
\def\make@df@tag{\@ifstar\make@df@tag@@\make@df@tag@@@}
\def\make@df@tag@@#1{%
  \gdef\df@tag{\maketag@@@{#1}\def\@currentlabel{#1}}}
\def\make@df@tag@@@#1{\gdef\df@tag{\tagform@{#1}%
  \toks@\@xp{\p@equation{#1}}\edef\@currentlabel{\the\toks@}}}
\let\ltx@label\label
\def\label@in@display{%
    \ifx\df@label\@empty\else
        \@amsmath@err{Multiple \string\label's:
            label '\df@label' will be lost}\@eha
    \fi
    \gdef\df@label
}
\toks@\@xp{\@arrayparboxrestore \let\label\ltx@label}%
\edef\@arrayboxrestore{\the\toks@}
\let\df@label\@empty
\def\make@display@tag{%
  \if@eqnsw \incr@eqnum \print@eqnum
  \else \iftag@ \df@tag \global\let\df@tag\@empty \fi
  \fi
  \ifmeasuring@
  \else
    \ifx\df@label\@empty
    \else
      \@xp\ltx@label\@xp{\df@label}%
      \global\let\df@label\@empty
    \fi
  \fi
}
\def\tag@in@align{%
    \relax
    \iftag@
        \DN@{\invalid@tag{Multiple \string\tag}}%
    \else
    \global\tag@true
    \nonumber
        \let\next@\make@df@tag
    \fi
    \next@
}
\newcommand{\raisetag}[1]{\skip@#1\relax
  \xdef\raise@tag{\vskip\iftagsleft@\else-\fi\the\skip@\relax}%
}
\let\raise@tag\@empty
\newcommand{\notag}{\nonumber}
\renewcommand{\nonumber}{%
  \if@eqnsw
    \ifx\incr@eqnum\@empty \addtocounter{equation}\m@ne \fi
  \fi
  \let\print@eqnum\@empty \let\incr@eqnum\@empty
  \global\@eqnswfalse
}
\def\print@eqnum{\tagform@\theequation}
\def\incr@eqnum{\refstepcounter{equation}\let\incr@eqnum\@empty}
\newif\ifinalign@
\newif\ifingather@
\@xp\def\@xp\@arrayparboxrestore\@xp{\@arrayparboxrestore
  \ingather@false\inalign@false \default@tag
  \let\spread@equation\@spread@equation
  \let\reset@equation\@empty
  \def\print@eqnum{\tagform@\theequation}%
  \def\incr@eqnum{\refstepcounter{equation}\let\incr@eqnum\@empty}%
}
\newif\iftag@
\newif\ifst@rred
\newif\ifmeasuring@
\newif\ifshifttag@
\newcount\row@
\newcount\column@
\def\column@plus{%
    \global\advance\column@\@ne
}
\newcount\maxfields@
\def\add@amp#1{\if m#1&\@xp\add@amp\fi}
\def\add@amps#1{%
    \begingroup
    \count@#1\advance\count@-\column@
    \edef\@tempa{\endgroup
      \@xp\add@amp\romannumeral\number\count@ 000q}%
    \@tempa
}
\newhelp\andhelp@
{An extra & here is so disastrous that you should probably exit^^J
and fix things up.}
\newdimen\eqnshift@
\newdimen\alignsep@
\newdimen\tagshift@
\newcommand{\mintagsep}{.5\fontdimen6\textfont\tw@}
\newcommand{\minalignsep}{10pt}
\newdimen\tagwidth@
\newdimen\totwidth@
\newdimen\lineht@
\def\tag@width#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\tag@lengths\fi
}

\def\savetaglength@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\tag@lengths{\tag@lengths\or \the\wdz@}%
    \endgroup
}

\def\shift@tag#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\tag@shifts\fi\relax
}

\let\tag@shifts\@empty
\def\saveshift@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\tag@shifts{\or#1\tag@shifts}%
    \endgroup
}
\def\spread@equation{\reset@strutbox@
  \openup\jot \let\spread@equation\@empty}
\let\@spread@equation\spread@equation
\def\displ@y{\@display@init{}}
\def\@display@init#1{%
    \global\dt@ptrue \spread@equation
    \everycr{%
        \noalign{%
            #1%
            \ifdt@p
                \global\dt@pfalse
                \vskip-\lineskiplimit
                \vskip\normallineskiplimit
            \else
                \penalty\@eqpen \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne
            \fi
        }%
    }%
}
\def\displ@y@{\@display@init{%
  \global\column@\z@ \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne
  \global\tag@false \global\let\raise@tag\@empty
}}
\def\black@#1{%
    \noalign{%
        \ifdim#1>\displaywidth
            \dimen@\prevdepth
            \nointerlineskip
            \vskip-\ht\strutbox@
            \vskip-\dp\strutbox@
            \vbox{\noindent\hbox to#1{\strut@\hfill}}%
            \prevdepth\dimen@
        \fi
    }%
}
\def\savecounters@{%
    \begingroup
        \def\@elt##1{%
          \global\csname c@##1\endcsname\the\csname c@##1\endcsname}%
        \xdef\@gtempa{%
            \cl@@ckpt
            \let\@nx\restorecounters@\@nx\@empty
        }%
    \endgroup
    \let\restorecounters@\@gtempa
}
\let\restorecounters@\@empty
\def\savealignstate@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\@gtempa{%
            \global\totwidth@\the\totwidth@
            \global\row@\the\row@
            \gdef\@nx\tag@lengths{\tag@lengths}%
            \let\@nx\restorealignstate@\@nx\@empty
        }%
    \endgroup
    \let\restorealignstate@\@gtempa
}

\let\restorealignstate@\@empty
\def\savecolumn@{%
  \edef\restorecolumn@{%
    \global\column@\number\column@
    \let\@nx\restorecolumn@\@nx\@empty
  }%
}
\let\restorecolumn@\@empty
\newtoks\@envbody
\def\addto@envbody#1{\global\@envbody\@xp{\the\@envbody#1}}
\def\collect@body#1{%
  \@envbody{\@xp#1\@xp{\the\@envbody}}%
  \edef\process@envbody{\the\@envbody\@nx\end{\@currenvir}}%
  \@envbody\@emptytoks \def\begin@stack{b}%
  \begingroup
  \@xp\let\csname\@currenvir\endcsname\collect@@body
  \edef\process@envbody{\@xp\@nx\csname\@currenvir\endcsname}%
  \process@envbody
}
\def\push@begins#1\begin#2{%
  \ifx\end#2\else b\@xp\push@begins\fi
}
\def\collect@@body#1\end#2{%
  \edef\begin@stack{\push@begins#1\begin\end \@xp\@gobble\begin@stack}%
  \ifx\@empty\begin@stack
    \endgroup
    \@checkend{#2}%
    \addto@envbody{#1}%
  \else
    \addto@envbody{#1\end{#2}}%
  \fi
  \process@envbody % A little tricky! Note the grouping
}
\def\math@cr@@@aligned{%
  \ifodd\column@ \let\next@\@empty
  \else \def\next@{&\kern-\alignsep@}%
  \fi
  \next@ \cr
}
\newcommand{\start@aligned}[2]{%
    \RIfM@\else
        \nonmatherr@{\begin{\@currenvir}}%
    \fi
    \savecolumn@ % Assumption: called inside a group
    \null\,%
    \if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b \vbox \else \vcenter \fi \fi \bgroup
        \maxfields@#2\relax
        \ifnum\maxfields@>\m@ne
            \multiply\maxfields@\tw@
            \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@alignedat
            \alignsep@\z@skip
        \else
            \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@aligned
            \alignsep@\minalignsep
        \fi
        \Let@ \chardef\dspbrk@context\@ne
        \default@tag
        \spread@equation % no-op if already called
        \global\column@\z@
        \ialign\bgroup
           &\column@plus
            \hfil
            \strut@
            $\m@th\displaystyle{##}$%
            \tabskip\z@skip
           &\column@plus
            $\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$%
            \hfil
            \tabskip\alignsep@
            \crcr
}
\def\math@cr@@@alignedat{%
    \ifnum\column@>\maxfields@
        \begingroup
          \measuring@false
          \@amsmath@err{Extra & on this line}%
            {\the\andhelp@}% "An extra & here is disastrous"
        \endgroup
    \fi
    \global\column@\z@
    \cr
}
\def\alignsafe@testopt#1#2{%
  \relax\iffalse{\fi\ifnum`}=0\fi
  \@ifnextchar[%
    {\let\@let@token\relax \ifnum`{=\z@\fi\iffalse}\fi#1}%
    {\let\@let@token\relax \ifnum`{=\z@\fi\iffalse}\fi#1[#2]}%
}
\newenvironment{aligned}{%
  \let\@testopt\alignsafe@testopt
  \aligned@a
}{%
  \crcr\egroup
  \restorecolumn@
  \egroup
}
\newcommand{\aligned@a}[1][c]{\start@aligned{#1}\m@ne}
\newenvironment{alignedat}{%
  \let\@testopt\alignsafe@testopt
  \alignedat@a
}{%
  \endaligned
}
\newcommand{\alignedat@a}[1][c]{\start@aligned{#1}}
\newenvironment{gathered}[1][c]{%
    \RIfM@\else
        \nonmatherr@{\begin{gathered}}%
    \fi
    \null\,%
    \if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b\vbox \else \vcenter \fi\fi \bgroup
        \Let@ \chardef\dspbrk@context\@ne \restore@math@cr
        \spread@equation
        \ialign\bgroup
            \hfil\strut@$\m@th\displaystyle##$\hfil
            \crcr
}{%
  \endaligned
}
\def\start@gather#1{%
    \RIfM@
        \nomath@env
        \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
    \else
        $$%
        #1%
        \ifst@rred \else \global\@eqnswtrue \fi
        \let\next@\gather@
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\newenvironment{gather}{%
  \start@gather\st@rredfalse
}{%
  \math@cr \black@\totwidth@ \egroup
  $$\ignorespacesafterend
}

\newenvironment{gather*}{%
  \start@gather\st@rredtrue
}{%
  \endgather
}
\def\gather@#1{%
    \ingather@true \let\split\insplit@
    \let\tag\tag@in@align \let\label\label@in@display
    \chardef\dspbrk@context\z@
    \intertext@ \displ@y@ \Let@
    \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@gather
    \gmeasure@{#1}%
    \global\shifttag@false
    \tabskip\z@skip
    \global\row@\@ne
    \halign to\displaywidth\bgroup
        \strut@
        \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
        \calc@shift@gather
        \set@gather@field
        \tabskip\@centering
       &\setboxz@h{\strut@{##}}%
        \place@tag@gather
        \tabskip \iftagsleft@ \gdisplaywidth@ \else \z@skip \span\fi
        \crcr
        #1%
}
\def\gmeasure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \totwidth@\z@
        \global\let\tag@lengths\@empty
        \savecounters@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \everycr{\noalign{\global\tag@false
              \global\let\raise@tag\@empty \global\column@\z@}}%
            \let\label\@gobble
            \halign{%
                \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
                \ifdim\wdz@>\totwidth@
                    \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                \fi
               &\setboxz@h{\strut@{##}}%
                \savetaglength@
                \crcr
                #1%
                \math@cr@@@
            }%
        }%
        \restorecounters@
        \if@fleqn
            \global\advance\totwidth@\@mathmargin
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@
            \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
                \global\let\gdisplaywidth@\totwidth@
            \else
                \global\let\gdisplaywidth@\displaywidth
            \fi
        \fi
    \endgroup
}
\def\math@cr@@@gather{%
    \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
   &\relax
    \make@display@tag
    \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
    \global\advance\row@\@ne
    \cr
}
\def\calc@shift@gather{%
    \dimen@\mintagsep\relax
    \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
    \if@fleqn
        \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
        \ifdim\tagwidth@>\z@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \iftagsleft@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\@mathmargin
                    \global\shifttag@true
                \fi
            \else
                \advance\dimen@\@mathmargin
                \advance\dimen@\wdz@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                   \global\shifttag@true
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
    \else
        \global\eqnshift@\displaywidth
        \global\advance\eqnshift@-\wdz@
        \ifdim\tagwidth@>\z@
            \multiply\dimen@\tw@
            \advance\dimen@\wdz@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \global\shifttag@true
            \else
                \ifdim\eqnshift@<4\tagwidth@
                    \global\advance\eqnshift@-\tagwidth@
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
        \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
        \iftagsleft@
            \global\eqnshift@-\eqnshift@
            \global\advance\eqnshift@\displaywidth
            \global\advance\eqnshift@-\wdz@
        \fi
        \ifdim\eqnshift@<\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\place@tag@gather{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \kern-\gdisplaywidth@
        \ifshifttag@
            \rlap{\vbox{%
                \normalbaselines
                \boxz@
                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                \raise@tag
            }}%
            \global\shifttag@false
        \else
            \rlap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
            \dimen@\totwidth@
            \advance\dimen@-\displaywidth
            \kern-\dimen@
        \fi
        \ifshifttag@
            \llap{\vtop{%
                \raise@tag
                \normalbaselines
                \setbox\@ne\null
                \dp\@ne\lineht@
                \box\@ne
                \boxz@
            }}%
            \global\shifttag@false
        \else
            \llap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\set@gather@field{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \global\lineht@\ht\z@
    \else
        \global\lineht@\dp\z@
    \fi
    \kern\eqnshift@
    \boxz@
    \hfil
}
\newif\ifxxat@

\newif\ifcheckat@

\let\xatlevel@\@empty
\def\start@align#1#2#3{%
    \let\xatlevel@#1% always \z@, \@ne, or \tw@
    \maxfields@#3\relax
    \ifnum\maxfields@>\m@ne
        \checkat@true
        \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
            \xxat@true
        \fi
        \multiply\maxfields@\tw@
    \else
        \checkat@false
    \fi
    \ifingather@
        \iffalse{\fi\ifnum0=`}\fi
        \DN@{\vcenter\bgroup\savealignstate@\align@#2}%
    \else
        \ifmmode
          \if@display
             \DN@{\align@recover}%
          \else
            \nomath@env
            \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
          \fi
        \else
            $$%
            \let\split\insplit@
            \DN@{\align@#2}%
        \fi
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\def\align@recover#1#2#3{%
  \endgroup
  \@amsmath@err{%
Erroneous nesting of equation structures;\MessageBreak
trying to recover with `aligned'%
  }\@ehc
  \begin{aligned}\relax#1\end{aligned}%
}
\newenvironment{alignat}{%
  \start@align\z@\st@rredfalse
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{alignat*}{%
  \start@align\z@\st@rredtrue
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{xalignat}{%
  \start@align\@ne\st@rredfalse
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{xalignat*}{%
  \start@align\@ne\st@rredtrue
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{xxalignat}{%
  \start@align\tw@\st@rredtrue
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{align}{%
  \start@align\@ne\st@rredfalse\m@ne
}{%
  \math@cr \black@\totwidth@
  \egroup
  \ifingather@
    \restorealignstate@
    \egroup
    \nonumber
    \ifnum0=`{\fi\iffalse}\fi
  \else
    $$%
  \fi
  \ignorespacesafterend
}
\newenvironment{align*}{%
  \start@align\@ne\st@rredtrue\m@ne
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{flalign}{%
  \start@align\tw@\st@rredfalse\m@ne
}{%
  \endalign
}
\newenvironment{flalign*}{%
  \start@align\tw@\st@rredtrue\m@ne
}{%
  \endalign
}
\def\align@#1#2{%
    \inalign@true \intertext@ \Let@ \chardef\dspbrk@context\z@
    \ifingather@\else\displ@y@\fi
    \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@align
    \ifxxat@\else \let\tag\tag@in@align \fi
    \let\label\label@in@display
    #1% set st@r
    \ifst@rred\else \global\@eqnswtrue \fi
    \measure@{#2}%
    \global\row@\z@
    \tabskip\eqnshift@
    \halign\bgroup
        \span\align@preamble\crcr
        #2%
}
\def\math@cr@@@align{%
  \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
  \if@eqnsw \global\tag@true \fi
  \global\advance\row@\@ne
  \add@amps\maxfields@
  \omit
  \kern-\alignsep@
  \iftag@
    \setboxz@h{\@lign\strut@{\make@display@tag}}%
    \place@tag
  \fi
  \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
  \global\lineht@\z@
  \cr
}
\def\math@cr@@@align@measure{%
   &\omit
    \global\advance\row@\@ne
    \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
    \if@eqnsw \global\tag@true \fi
    \ifnum\column@>\maxfields@
        \ifcheckat@
            \begingroup
              \measuring@false
              \@amsmath@err{Extra & on this line}%
                {\the\andhelp@}% "An extra & here is disastrous"
            \endgroup
        \else
            \global\maxfields@\column@
        \fi
    \fi
    \setboxz@h{\@lign\strut@{%
        \if@eqnsw
            \stepcounter{equation}%
            \tagform@\theequation
        \else
            \iftag@\df@tag\fi
        \fi
    }}%
    \savetaglength@
    \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
    \cr
}
\let\field@lengths\@empty

\def\savefieldlength@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\field@lengths{%
            \field@lengths
            \ifnum\column@=0
                \or
            \else
                ,%
            \fi
            \the\wdz@
        }%
    \endgroup
}

\def\fieldlengths@#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\field@lengths\fi
}
\let\maxcolumn@widths\@empty
\def\maxcol@width#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\maxcolumn@widths\fi\relax
}
\def\measure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \global\eqnshift@\z@
        \global\alignsep@\z@
        \global\let\tag@lengths\@empty
        \global\let\field@lengths\@empty
        \savecounters@
        \global\setbox0\vbox{%
            \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@align@measure
            \everycr{\noalign{\global\tag@false
              \global\let\raise@tag\@empty \global\column@\z@}}%
            \let\label\@gobble
            \global\row@\z@
            \tabskip\z@
            \halign{\span\align@preamble\crcr
                #1%
                \math@cr@@@
                \global\column@\z@
                \add@amps\maxfields@\cr
            }%
        }%
        \restorecounters@
        \ifodd\maxfields@
            \global\advance\maxfields@\@ne
        \fi
        \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
            \ifnum\maxfields@<\thr@@
                \let\xatlevel@\z@
            \fi
        \fi
        \setbox\z@\vbox{%
          \unvbox\z@ \unpenalty \global\setbox\@ne\lastbox
        }%
        \global\totwidth@\wd\@ne
        \if@fleqn \global\advance\totwidth@\@mathmargin \fi
        \global\let\maxcolumn@widths\@empty
        \begingroup
          \let\or\relax
          \loop
            \global\setbox\@ne\hbox{%
              \unhbox\@ne \unskip \global\setbox\thr@@\lastbox
            }%
          \ifhbox\thr@@
           \xdef\maxcolumn@widths{ \or \the\wd\thr@@ \maxcolumn@widths}%
          \repeat
        \endgroup
        \dimen@\displaywidth
        \advance\dimen@-\totwidth@
        \ifcase\xatlevel@
            \global\alignsep@\z@
            \let\minalignsep\z@
            \@tempcntb\z@
            \if@fleqn
                \@tempcnta\@ne
                \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
            \else
                \@tempcnta\tw@
                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                \global\divide\eqnshift@\@tempcnta
            \fi
        \or
            \@tempcntb\maxfields@
            \divide\@tempcntb\tw@
            \@tempcnta\@tempcntb
            \advance\@tempcntb\m@ne
            \if@fleqn
                \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
                \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcnta
            \else
                \global\advance\@tempcnta\@ne
                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                \global\divide\eqnshift@\@tempcnta
                \global\alignsep@\eqnshift@
            \fi
        \or
            \@tempcntb\maxfields@
            \divide\@tempcntb\tw@
            \global\advance\@tempcntb\m@ne
            \global\@tempcnta\@tempcntb
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
            \if@fleqn
                \global\advance\alignsep@\@mathmargin\relax
            \fi
            \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcntb
        \fi
        \ifdim\alignsep@<\minalignsep\relax
            \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
            \ifdim\eqnshift@>\z@
                \if@fleqn\else
                    \global\eqnshift@\displaywidth
                    \global\advance\eqnshift@-\totwidth@
                    \global\advance\eqnshift@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                    \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
        \ifdim\eqnshift@<\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
        \fi
        \calc@shift@align
        \global\tagshift@\totwidth@
        \global\advance\tagshift@\@tempcntb\alignsep@
        \if@fleqn
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                \global\advance\tagshift@-\@mathmargin\relax
            \fi
        \else
            \global\advance\tagshift@\eqnshift@
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@ \else
            \global\advance\tagshift@-\displaywidth
        \fi
        \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
        \global\advance\totwidth@\@tempcntb\dimen@
        \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
            \global\let\displaywidth@\totwidth@
        \else
            \global\let\displaywidth@\displaywidth
        \fi
    \endgroup
}
\iftagsleft@\if@fleqn
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \@tempdima\@mathmargin\relax
            \advance\@tempdima-\mintagsep\relax
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@lf
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@lf{%
        \ifdim\eqnshift@=\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin\relax
            \alignsep@\displaywidth
            \advance\alignsep@-\totwidth@
            \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcntb
            \ifdim\alignsep@<\minalignsep\relax
                \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
            \fi
        \fi
        \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\@tempdima
            \saveshift@1%
        \else
            \saveshift@0%
        \fi
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else\if@fleqn
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@rf
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@rf{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdimb\z@
        \@tempdimc\z@
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@rcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \advance\column@\m@ne
            \divide\column@\tw@
            \ifnum\@tempcntb>\column@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\@tempcntb
                \advance\@tempcnta\column@
                \@tempcntb\column@
            \fi
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\eqnshift@
            \advance\@tempdima\@tempdimc\relax
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\alignsep@\relax
                \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
                \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                    \else
                        \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else\if@fleqn\else
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@rc
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@rc{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdimb\z@
        \@tempdimc\z@
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@rcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \advance\column@\m@ne
            \divide\column@\tw@
            \ifnum\@tempcntb>\column@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\@tempcntb
                \advance\@tempcnta\column@
                \@tempcntb\column@
            \fi
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\@tempdimc
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@ \else
                \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \fi
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\eqnshift@
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
                \advance\dimen@\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                        \eqnshift@\displaywidth
                        \advance\eqnshift@-\@tempdima
                        \advance\eqnshift@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                        \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
                    \else
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\eqnshift@
                            \ifdim\dimen@<\z@
                                \global\eqnshift@\z@
                            \else
                                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                            \fi
                        \fi
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\alignsep@
                            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                        \fi
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else
    \def\x@rcalc@width{%
        \ifdim\@tempa > \z@
            \advance\@tempdimc\@tempdimb
            \ifodd\column@
                \advance\@tempdimc\maxcol@width\column@
                \@tempdimb\z@
            \else
                \advance\@tempdimc\@tempa\relax
                \@tempdimb\maxcol@width\column@
                \advance\@tempdimb-\@tempa\relax
            \fi
        \else
            \advance\@tempdimb\maxcol@width\column@\relax
        \fi
    }
\fi
\iftagsleft@\if@fleqn\else
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>\z@
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@lc
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@lc{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdima\z@ % ``width of equation''
        \@tempdimb\z@ % ``indent of equation''
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@lcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\totwidth@
            \advance\@tempdima-\@tempdimb
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@ \else
                \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \fi
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\alignsep@
                \multiply\dimen@\count@
                \advance\dimen@\eqnshift@
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdimb
                \ifdim\dimen@<2\tagwidth@
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \ifnum\@tempcnta>\z@
                      \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \else \dimen@\z@
                    \fi
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                        \dimen@\displaywidth
                        \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                        \advance\dimen@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                        \global\divide\dimen@\tw@
                    \else
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\alignsep@
                            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                        \fi
                    \fi
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \dimen@\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdimb
                    \advance\dimen@-\count@\alignsep@
                    \ifdim\dimen@>\eqnshift@
                        \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@lcalc@width{%
        \ifdim\@tempdima = \z@
            \ifdim\@tempa > \z@
                \@tempdima\p@
                \ifodd\column@
                    \advance\@tempdimb \maxcol@width\column@
                    \advance\@tempdimb-\@tempa
                \fi
                \count@\column@
                \advance\count@\m@ne
                \divide\count@\tw@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\count@
                \advance\@tempcntb-\count@
            \else
                \advance\@tempdimb \maxcol@width\column@\relax
            \fi
        \fi
    }
\fi\fi
\def\place@tag{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \kern-\tagshift@
        \if1\shift@tag\row@\relax
            \rlap{\vbox{%
                \normalbaselines
                \boxz@
                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                \raise@tag
            }}%
        \else
            \rlap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
        \kern\displaywidth@
    \else
        \kern-\tagshift@
        \if1\shift@tag\row@\relax
            \llap{\vtop{%
                \raise@tag
                \normalbaselines
                \setbox\@ne\null
                \dp\@ne\lineht@
                \box\@ne
                \boxz@
            }}%
        \else
            \llap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\align@preamble{%
   &\hfil
    \strut@
    \setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
    \ifmeasuring@\savefieldlength@\fi
    \set@field
    \tabskip\z@skip
   &\setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$}%
    \ifmeasuring@\savefieldlength@\fi
    \set@field
    \hfil
    \tabskip\alignsep@
}
\def\set@field{%
    \column@plus
    \iftagsleft@
        \ifdim\ht\z@>\lineht@
            \global\lineht@\ht\z@
        \fi
    \else
        \ifdim\dp\z@>\lineht@
            \global\lineht@\dp\z@
        \fi
    \fi
    \boxz@
}
\edef\split@err#1{%
    \@nx\@amsmath@err{%
        \string\begin{split} won't work here%
    }{%
        \@xp\@nx\csname
  Did you forget a preceding \string\begin{equation}?^^J%
  If not, perhaps the `aligned' environment is what
  you want.\endcsname}%
}
\newenvironment{split}{%
  \if@display
    \ifinner
      \@xp\@xp\@xp\split@aligned
    \else
      \ifst@rred \else \global\@eqnswtrue \fi
    \fi
  \else \let\endsplit\@empty \@xp\collect@body\@xp\split@err
  \fi
  \collect@body\gather@split
}{%
      \crcr
    \egroup
  \egroup
  \iftagsleft@ \@xp\lendsplit@ \else \@xp\rendsplit@ \fi
}
\let\split@tag\relax % init
\def\gather@split#1#2#3{%
  \@xp\endgroup \reset@equation % math@cr will handle equation numbering
  \iftag@
     \toks@\@xp{\df@tag}%
     \edef\split@tag{%
       \gdef\@nx\df@tag{\the\toks@}%
       \global\@nx\tag@true \@nx\nonumber
     }%
  \else \let\split@tag\@empty
  \fi
  \spread@equation
  \vcenter\bgroup
    \gather@{\split@tag  \begin{split}#1\end{split}}%
    \def\endmathdisplay@a{%
      \math@cr \black@ \totwidth@ \egroup
      \egroup
    }%
}
\def\insplit@{%
  \global\setbox\z@\vbox\bgroup
    \Let@ \chardef\dspbrk@context\@ne \restore@math@cr
    \default@tag % disallow use of \tag here
    \ialign\bgroup
      \hfil
      \strut@
      $\m@th\displaystyle{##}$%
     &$\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$%
      \hfill % Why not \hfil?---dmj, 1994/12/28
      \crcr
}
\def\rendsplit@{%
    \ifinalign@
        \global\setbox9 \vtop{%
            \unvcopy\z@
            \global\setbox8 \lastbox
            \unskip
        }%
        \setbox\@ne\hbox{%
            \unhcopy8
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\tw@\lastbox
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\thr@@\lastbox
        }%
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vcenter{\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\boxz@}}%
            }%
        \else
            \global\setbox7 \hbox{\unhbox\tw@\unskip}%
            \gdef\split@{%
                \global\@tempcnta\column@
               &\setboxz@h{}%
                \savetaglength@
                \global\advance\row@\@ne
                \vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}%
                \crcr
                \noalign{\global\lineht@\z@}%
                \add@amps\@tempcnta
                \box\thr@@
               &\box7
            }%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{\vcenter{\boxz@}}%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{%
                \boxz@
            }%
        \fi
    \fi
    \aftergroup\split@
}
\def\lendsplit@{%
    \global\setbox9\vtop{\unvcopy\z@}%
    \ifinalign@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \unvcopy\z@
            \global\setbox8\lastbox
        }%
        \setbox\@ne\hbox{%
            \unhcopy8%
            \unskip
            \setbox\tw@\lastbox
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\thr@@\lastbox
        }%
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vcenter{\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}}%
            }%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}%
            }%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{\vcenter{\box9}}%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{\box9}%
        \fi
    \fi
    \aftergroup\split@
}
\def\split@aligned#1#2{%
   \iffalse{\fi\ifnum0=`}\fi
   \collect@body\split@al@a}
\def\split@al@a#1#2#3{%
  \split@warning
  \endgroup
  \toks@{\begin{aligned}}%
  \if@fleqn \split@al@tagcheck \fi
  \the\toks@\relax#1\end{aligned}%
  \ifnum0=`{\fi\iffalse}\fi
}
\def\split@al@tagcheck{%
   \ifctagsplit@
   \else
     \iftagsleft@ \toks@\@xp{\the\toks@ [t]}%
     \else \toks@\@xp{\the\toks@ [b]}%
     \fi
   \fi
}
\def\split@warning{%
  \PackageWarning{amsmath}{%
Cannot use `split' here;\MessageBreak trying to recover with `aligned'}%
}
\newskip\multlinegap
\multlinegap10pt
\newskip\multlinetaggap
\multlinetaggap10pt
\def\start@multline#1{%
    \RIfM@
        \nomath@env
        \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
    \else
        $$%
        #1%
        \ifst@rred
            \nonumber
        \else
            \global\@eqnswtrue
        \fi
        \let\next@\multline@
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\newenvironment{multline}{%
  \start@multline\st@rredfalse
}{%
  \iftagsleft@ \@xp\lendmultline@ \else \@xp\rendmultline@ \fi
  \ignorespacesafterend
}
\newenvironment{multline*}{\start@multline\st@rredtrue}{\endmultline}
\def\multline@#1{%
    \Let@
    \@display@init{\global\advance\row@\@ne \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne}%
    \chardef\dspbrk@context\z@
    \restore@math@cr
    \let\tag\tag@in@align
    \global\tag@false \global\let\raise@tag\@empty
    \mmeasure@{#1}%
    \let\tag\gobble@tag \let\label\@gobble
    \tabskip \if@fleqn \@mathmargin \else \z@skip \fi
    \totwidth@\displaywidth
    \if@fleqn
        \advance\totwidth@-\@mathmargin
    \fi
    \halign\bgroup
        \hbox to\totwidth@{%
            \if@fleqn
                \hskip \@centering \relax
            \else
                \hfil
            \fi
            \strut@
            $\m@th\displaystyle{}##\endmultline@math
            \hfil
        }%
        \crcr
        \if@fleqn
            \hskip-\@mathmargin
            \def\multline@indent{\hskip\@mathmargin}% put it back
        \else
            \hfilneg
            \def\multline@indent{\hskip\multlinegap}%
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@
            \iftag@
                \begingroup
                    \ifshifttag@
                        \rlap{\vbox{%
                                \normalbaselines
                                \hbox{%
                                    \strut@
                                    \make@display@tag
                                }%
                                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                                \raise@tag
                        }}%
                        \multline@indent
                    \else
                        \setbox\z@\hbox{\make@display@tag}%
                        \dimen@\@mathmargin \advance\dimen@-\wd\z@
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\multlinetaggap
                          \dimen@\multlinetaggap
                        \fi
                        \box\z@ \hskip\dimen@\relax
                    \fi
                \endgroup
            \else
                \multline@indent
            \fi
        \else
            \multline@indent
        \fi
    #1%
}
\def\endmultline@math{$}
\def\lendmultline@{%
        \hfilneg
        \hskip\multlinegap
        \math@cr
    \egroup
    $$%
}
\def\rendmultline@{%
    \iftag@
        $\let\endmultline@math\relax
            \ifshifttag@
                \hskip\multlinegap
                \llap{\vtop{%
                    \raise@tag
                    \normalbaselines
                    \setbox\@ne\null
                    \dp\@ne\lineht@
                    \box\@ne
                    \hbox{\strut@\make@display@tag}%
                }}%
            \else
                \hskip\multlinetaggap
                \make@display@tag
            \fi
    \else
        \hskip\multlinegap
    \fi
    \hfilneg
        \math@cr
    \egroup$$%
}
\def\mmeasure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \def\label##1{%
          \begingroup\measuring@false\label@in@display{##1}\endgroup}%
        \def\math@cr@@@{\cr}%
        \let\shoveleft\@iden \let\shoveright\@iden
        \savecounters@
        \global\row@\z@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \global\let\df@tag\@empty
            \halign{%
                \setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{}##$}%
                \iftagsleft@
                    \ifnum\row@=\@ne
                        \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                        \global\lineht@\ht\z@
                    \fi
                \else
                    \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                    \global\lineht@\dp\z@
                \fi
                \crcr
                #1%
                \crcr
            }%
        }%
        \ifx\df@tag\@empty\else\global\tag@true\fi
        \if@eqnsw\global\tag@true\fi
        \iftag@
            \setboxz@h{%
                \if@eqnsw
                    \stepcounter{equation}%
                    \tagform@\theequation
                \else
                    \df@tag
                \fi
            }%
            \global\tagwidth@\wdz@
            \dimen@\totwidth@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \advance\dimen@\multlinetaggap
            \iftagsleft@\else
                \if@fleqn
                    \advance\dimen@\@mathmargin
                \fi
            \fi
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \global\shifttag@true
            \else
                \global\shifttag@false
            \fi
        \fi
        \restorecounters@
    \endgroup
}
\iftagsleft@
    \def\shoveright#1{%
        #1%
        \hfilneg
        \hskip\multlinegap
    }
\else
    \def\shoveright#1{%
        #1%
        \hfilneg
        \iftag@
            \ifshifttag@
                \hskip\multlinegap
            \else
                \hskip\tagwidth@
                \hskip\multlinetaggap
            \fi
        \else
            \hskip\multlinegap
        \fi
    }
\fi

\if@fleqn
    \def\shoveleft#1{#1}%
\else
    \iftagsleft@
        \def\shoveleft#1{%
            \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{}#1$}%
            \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th\displaystyle#1$}%
            \hfilneg
            \iftag@
                \ifshifttag@
                    \hskip\multlinegap
                \else
                    \hskip\tagwidth@
                    \hskip\multlinetaggap
                \fi
            \else
                \hskip\multlinegap
            \fi
            \hskip.5\wd\@ne
            \hskip-.5\wdz@
            #1%
        }
    \else
        \def\shoveleft#1{%
            \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{}#1$}%
            \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th\displaystyle#1$}%
            \hfilneg
            \hskip\multlinegap
            \hskip.5\wd\@ne
            \hskip-.5\wdz@
            #1%
        }
    \fi
\fi
\@saveprimitive\leqno\@@leqno
\@saveprimitive\eqno\@@eqno
\def\eqno{\@@eqno\let\eqno\relax\let\leqno\relax}
\def\leqno{\@@leqno\let\leqno\relax\let\eqno\relax}
\let\veqno=\@@eqno
\iftagsleft@ \let\veqno=\@@leqno \fi
\@ifundefined{SK@@label}{%
  \let\SK@@label\relax \let\SK@equationtrue\relax
}{}
\let\reset@equation\@empty
\let\alt@tag\@empty
\def\tag@in@display#1#{\relax\tag@in@display@a{#1}}
\def\tag@in@display@a#1#2{%
  \iftag@
    \invalid@tag{Multiple \string\tag}\relax
  \else
    \global\tag@true \nonumber \reset@equation \st@rredtrue
    \if *\string#1%
      \gdef\alt@tag{\def\SK@tagform@{#2\@gobble}%
        \ifx\SK@@label\relax \let\tagform@\SK@tagform@ \fi
      }%
      \make@df@tag@@{#2}%
    \else
      \make@df@tag@@@{#2}%
    \fi
  \fi
}
\let\restore@hfuzz\@empty
\def\mathdisplay#1{%
  \ifmmode \@badmath
  \else
    $$\def\@currenvir{#1}%
    \let\dspbrk@context\z@
    \let\tag\tag@in@display \let\label\label@in@display \SK@equationtrue
    \global\let\df@label\@empty \global\let\df@tag\@empty
    \global\tag@false
    \let\mathdisplay@push\mathdisplay@@push
    \let\mathdisplay@pop\mathdisplay@@pop
    \if@fleqn
      \edef\restore@hfuzz{\hfuzz\the\hfuzz\relax}%
      \hfuzz\maxdimen
      \setbox\z@\hbox to\displaywidth\bgroup
        \let\split@warning\relax \restore@hfuzz
        \everymath\@emptytoks \m@th $\displaystyle
    \fi
  \fi
}
\def\endmathdisplay#1{%
  \ifmmode \else \@badmath \fi
  \endmathdisplay@a
  $$%
  \global\let\df@label\@empty \global\let\df@tag\@empty
  \global\tag@false \global\let\alt@tag\@empty
  \global\@eqnswfalse
}
\def\endmathdisplay@a{%
  \if@eqnsw \gdef\df@tag{\tagform@\theequation}\fi
  \if@fleqn \@xp\endmathdisplay@fleqn
  \else \ifx\df@tag\@empty \else \veqno \alt@tag \df@tag \fi
    \ifx\df@label\@empty \else \@xp\ltx@label\@xp{\df@label}\fi
  \fi
  \ifnum\dspbrk@lvl>\m@ne
    \postdisplaypenalty -\@getpen\dspbrk@lvl
    \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne
  \fi
}
\let\too@wide\@ne
\def\endmathdisplay@fleqn{%
  $\hfil\hskip\@mathmargin\egroup
  \ifnum\badness<\inf@bad \let\too@wide\@ne \else \let\too@wide\z@ \fi
  \ifx\@empty\df@tag
  \else
    \setbox4\hbox{\df@tag
      \ifx\df@label\@empty \else \@xp\ltx@label\@xp{\df@label}\fi
    }%
  \fi
  \csname emdf@%
    \ifx\df@tag\@empty U\else \iftagsleft@ L\else R\fi\fi
  \endcsname
}
\def\emdf@U{%
  \restore@hfuzz
  \ifodd\too@wide % not too wide: just need to swap the glue around
    \hbox to\displaywidth{\hskip\@mathmargin\unhbox\z@\unskip}%
  \else % M+B > displaywidth
    \emdf@Ua
  \fi
}
\def\emdf@Ua{%
  \hbox to\columnwidth{%
    \ifdim\displayindent>\z@
      \hskip\displayindent minus\displayindent
    \fi
    \hskip\@mathmargin \unhbox\z@ \unskip
  }%
  \displayindent\z@ \displaywidth\columnwidth
}
\def\emdf@R{%
  \setbox\tw@\hbox to\displaywidth{%
    \hskip\@mathmargin \unhcopy\z@\unskip\hfil\hskip\mintagsep\copy4
  }%
  \restore@hfuzz
  \ifnum\badness<\inf@bad \box\tw@ \else \emdf@Ra \fi
}
\def\emdf@Ra{%
  \skip@\displayindent minus\displayindent
  \displayindent\z@ \displaywidth\columnwidth
  \spread@equation \everycr{}\tabskip\z@skip
  \halign{\hbox to\displaywidth{##}\cr
    \relax
    \ifdim\skip@>\z@ \hskip\skip@ \fi
    \hskip\@mathmargin\unhbox\z@\unskip\hfil\cr
    \noalign{\raise@tag}%
    \hfil\box4 \cr}%
}
\def\emdf@L{%
  \@tempdima\@mathmargin
  \advance\@tempdima-\wd4 \advance\@tempdima-\mintagsep
  \skip@\@tempdima minus\@tempdima
  \setbox\tw@\hbox to\displaywidth{%
    \copy4\hskip\mintagsep
    \ifdim\skip@>\z@ \hskip\skip@\fi
    \unhcopy\z@\unskip
  }%
  \restore@hfuzz
  \ifnum\badness<\inf@bad \box\tw@ \else \emdf@La \fi
}
\def\emdf@La{%
  \spread@equation \everycr{}\tabskip\z@skip
  \halign{\hbox to\displaywidth{##}\cr
    \box4 \hfil \cr
    \noalign{\raise@tag}%
    \hskip\@mathmargin\unhbox\z@\unskip\hfil\cr}%
}
\newtoks\mathdisplay@stack
\let\mathdisplay@push\@empty
\def\mathdisplay@@push{%
  \begingroup
  \toks@\@xp{\df@label}\@temptokena\@xp{\df@tag}%
  \toks8\@xp{\alt@tag}%
  \edef\@tempa{%
    \global\if@eqnsw\@nx\@eqnswtrue\else\@nx\@eqnswfalse\fi
    \global\iftag@\@nx\tag@false\else\@nx\tag@true\fi
    \gdef\@nx\df@label{\the\toks@}\gdef\@nx\df@tag{\the\@temptokena}%
    \gdef\@nx\alt@tag{\the\toks8}%
    \global\mathdisplay@stack{\the\mathdisplay@stack}%
  }%
  \global\mathdisplay@stack\@xp{\@tempa}
  \endgroup
}
\let\mathdisplay@pop\@empty
\def\mathdisplay@@pop{\the\mathdisplay@stack}
\renewenvironment{equation}{%
  \incr@eqnum
  \mathdisplay@push
  \st@rredfalse \global\@eqnswtrue
  \mathdisplay{equation}%
}{%
  \endmathdisplay{equation}%
  \mathdisplay@pop
  \ignorespacesafterend
}
\newenvironment{equation*}{%
  \mathdisplay@push
  \st@rredtrue \global\@eqnswfalse
  \mathdisplay{equation*}%
}{%
  \endmathdisplay{equation*}%
  \mathdisplay@pop
  \ignorespacesafterend
}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\[}{\begin{equation*}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\]}{\end{equation*}}
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `amsmath.sty'.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End /macros/LaTeX/amsmath/amsmath.sty %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Start /macros/LaTeX/SWmacros/tcilatex.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Macros for Scientific Word 4.0 documents saved with the LaTeX filter.
% Copyright (C) 2002 Mackichan Software, Inc.

\typeout{TCILATEX Macros for Scientific Word 5.0 <13 Feb 2003>.}
\typeout{NOTICE:  This macro file is NOT proprietary and may be 
freely copied and distributed.}
%
\makeatletter

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% pdfTeX related.
\ifx\pdfoutput\relax\let\pdfoutput=\undefined\fi
\newcount\msipdfoutput
\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
\else
 \ifcase\pdfoutput
 \else 
    \msipdfoutput=1
    \ifx\paperwidth\undefined
    \else
      \ifdim\paperheight=0pt\relax
      \else
        \pdfpageheight\paperheight
      \fi
      \ifdim\paperwidth=0pt\relax
      \else
        \pdfpagewidth\paperwidth
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi  
\fi

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% FMTeXButton
% This is used for putting TeXButtons in the 
% frontmatter of a document. Add a line like
% \QTagDef{FMTeXButton}{101}{} to the filter 
% section of the cst being used. Also add a
% new section containing:
%     [f_101]
%     ALIAS=FMTexButton
%     TAG_TYPE=FIELD
%     TAG_LEADIN=TeX Button:
%
% It also works to put \defs in the preamble after 
% the \input tcilatex
\def\FMTeXButton#1{#1}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% macros for time
\newcount\@hour\newcount\@minute\chardef\@x10\chardef\@xv60
\def\tcitime{
\def\@time{%
  \@minute\time\@hour\@minute\divide\@hour\@xv
  \ifnum\@hour<\@x 0\fi\the\@hour:%
  \multiply\@hour\@xv\advance\@minute-\@hour
  \ifnum\@minute<\@x 0\fi\the\@minute
  }}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% macro for hyperref and msihyperref
%\@ifundefined{hyperref}{\def\hyperref#1#2#3#4{#2\ref{#4}#3}}{}

\def\x@hyperref#1#2#3{%
   % Turn off various catcodes before reading parameter 4
   \catcode`\~ = 12
   \catcode`\$ = 12
   \catcode`\_ = 12
   \catcode`\# = 12
   \catcode`\& = 12
   \y@hyperref{#1}{#2}{#3}%
}

\def\y@hyperref#1#2#3#4{%
   #2\ref{#4}#3
   \catcode`\~ = 13
   \catcode`\$ = 3
   \catcode`\_ = 8
   \catcode`\# = 6
   \catcode`\& = 4
}

\@ifundefined{hyperref}{\let\hyperref\x@hyperref}{}
\@ifundefined{msihyperref}{\let\msihyperref\x@hyperref}{}




% macro for external program call
\@ifundefined{qExtProgCall}{\def\qExtProgCall#1#2#3#4#5#6{\relax}}{}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% macros for graphics
%
\def\FILENAME#1{#1}%
%
\def\QCTOpt[#1]#2{%
  \def\QCTOptB{#1}
  \def\QCTOptA{#2}
}
\def\QCTNOpt#1{%
  \def\QCTOptA{#1}
  \let\QCTOptB\empty
}
\def\Qct{%
  \@ifnextchar[{%
    \QCTOpt}{\QCTNOpt}
}
\def\QCBOpt[#1]#2{%
  \def\QCBOptB{#1}%
  \def\QCBOptA{#2}%
}
\def\QCBNOpt#1{%
  \def\QCBOptA{#1}%
  \let\QCBOptB\empty
}
\def\Qcb{%
  \@ifnextchar[{%
    \QCBOpt}{\QCBNOpt}%
}
\def\PrepCapArgs{%
  \ifx\QCBOptA\empty
    \ifx\QCTOptA\empty
      {}%
    \else
      \ifx\QCTOptB\empty
        {\QCTOptA}%
      \else
        [\QCTOptB]{\QCTOptA}%
      \fi
    \fi
  \else
    \ifx\QCBOptA\empty
      {}%
    \else
      \ifx\QCBOptB\empty
        {\QCBOptA}%
      \else
        [\QCBOptB]{\QCBOptA}%
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\newcount\GRAPHICSTYPE
%\GRAPHICSTYPE 0 is for TurboTeX
%\GRAPHICSTYPE 1 is for DVIWindo (PostScript)
%%%(removed)%\GRAPHICSTYPE 2 is for psfig (PostScript)
\GRAPHICSTYPE=\z@
\def\GRAPHICSPS#1{%
 \ifcase\GRAPHICSTYPE%\GRAPHICSTYPE=0
   \special{ps: #1}%
 \or%\GRAPHICSTYPE=1
   \special{language "PS", include "#1"}%
%%%\or%\GRAPHICSTYPE=2
%%%  #1%
 \fi
}%
%
\def\GRAPHICSHP#1{\special{include #1}}%
%
% \graffile{ body }                                  %#1
%          { contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#2
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#3
%          { vertical shift when in-line (scalar) }  %#4

\def\graffile#1#2#3#4{%
%%% \ifnum\GRAPHICSTYPE=\tw@
%%%  %Following if using psfig
%%%  \@ifundefined{psfig}{\input psfig.tex}{}%
%%%  \psfig{file=#1, height=#3, width=#2}%
%%% \else
  %Following for all others
  % JCS - added BOXTHEFRAME, see below
    \bgroup
	   \@inlabelfalse
       \leavevmode
       \@ifundefined{bbl@deactivate}{\def~{\string~}}{\activesoff}%
        \raise -#4 \BOXTHEFRAME{%
           \hbox to #2{\raise #3\hbox to #2{\null #1\hfil}}}%
    \egroup
}%
%
% A box for drafts
\def\draftbox#1#2#3#4{%
 \leavevmode\raise -#4 \hbox{%
  \frame{\rlap{\protect\tiny #1}\hbox to #2%
   {\vrule height#3 width\z@ depth\z@\hfil}%
  }%
 }%
}%
%
\newcount\@msidraft
\@msidraft=\z@
\let\nographics=\@msidraft
\newif\ifwasdraft
\wasdraftfalse

%  \GRAPHIC{ body }                                  %#1
%          { draft name }                            %#2
%          { contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#3
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#4
%          { vertical shift when in-line (scalar) }  %#5
\def\GRAPHIC#1#2#3#4#5{%
   \ifnum\@msidraft=\@ne\draftbox{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}%
   \else\graffile{#1}{#3}{#4}{#5}%
   \fi
}
%
\def\addtoLaTeXparams#1{%
    \edef\LaTeXparams{\LaTeXparams #1}}%
%
% JCS -  added a switch BoxFrame that can 
% be set by including X in the frame params.
% If set a box is drawn around the frame.

\newif\ifBoxFrame \BoxFramefalse
\newif\ifOverFrame \OverFramefalse
\newif\ifUnderFrame \UnderFramefalse

\def\BOXTHEFRAME#1{%
   \hbox{%
      \ifBoxFrame
         \frame{#1}%
      \else
         {#1}%
      \fi
   }%
}


\def\doFRAMEparams#1{\BoxFramefalse\OverFramefalse\UnderFramefalse\readFRAMEparams#1\end}%
\def\readFRAMEparams#1{%
 \ifx#1\end%
  \let\next=\relax
  \else
  \ifx#1i\dispkind=\z@\fi
  \ifx#1d\dispkind=\@ne\fi
  \ifx#1f\dispkind=\tw@\fi
  \ifx#1t\addtoLaTeXparams{t}\fi
  \ifx#1b\addtoLaTeXparams{b}\fi
  \ifx#1p\addtoLaTeXparams{p}\fi
  \ifx#1h\addtoLaTeXparams{h}\fi
  \ifx#1X\BoxFrametrue\fi
  \ifx#1O\OverFrametrue\fi
  \ifx#1U\UnderFrametrue\fi
  \ifx#1w
    \ifnum\@msidraft=1\wasdrafttrue\else\wasdraftfalse\fi
    \@msidraft=\@ne
  \fi
  \let\next=\readFRAMEparams
  \fi
 \next
 }%
%
%Macro for In-line graphics object
%   \IFRAME{ contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#1
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#2
%          { vertical shift when in-line (scalar) }  %#3
%          { draft name }                            %#4
%          { body }                                  %#5
%          { caption}                                %#6


\def\IFRAME#1#2#3#4#5#6{%
      \bgroup
      \let\QCTOptA\empty
      \let\QCTOptB\empty
      \let\QCBOptA\empty
      \let\QCBOptB\empty
      #6%
      \parindent=0pt
      \leftskip=0pt
      \rightskip=0pt
      \setbox0=\hbox{\QCBOptA}%
      \@tempdima=#1\relax
      \ifOverFrame
          % Do this later
          \typeout{This is not implemented yet}%
          \show\HELP
      \else
         \ifdim\wd0>\@tempdima
            \advance\@tempdima by \@tempdima
            \ifdim\wd0 >\@tempdima
               \setbox1 =\vbox{%
                  \unskip\hbox to \@tempdima{\hfill\GRAPHIC{#5}{#4}{#1}{#2}{#3}\hfill}%
                  \unskip\hbox to \@tempdima{\parbox[b]{\@tempdima}{\QCBOptA}}%
               }%
               \wd1=\@tempdima
            \else
               \textwidth=\wd0
               \setbox1 =\vbox{%
                 \noindent\hbox to \wd0{\hfill\GRAPHIC{#5}{#4}{#1}{#2}{#3}\hfill}\\%
                 \noindent\hbox{\QCBOptA}%
               }%
               \wd1=\wd0
            \fi
         \else
            \ifdim\wd0>0pt
              \hsize=\@tempdima
              \setbox1=\vbox{%
                \unskip\GRAPHIC{#5}{#4}{#1}{#2}{0pt}%
                \break
                \unskip\hbox to \@tempdima{\hfill \QCBOptA\hfill}%
              }%
              \wd1=\@tempdima
           \else
              \hsize=\@tempdima
              \setbox1=\vbox{%
                \unskip\GRAPHIC{#5}{#4}{#1}{#2}{0pt}%
              }%
              \wd1=\@tempdima
           \fi
         \fi
         \@tempdimb=\ht1
         %\advance\@tempdimb by \dp1
         \advance\@tempdimb by -#2
         \advance\@tempdimb by #3
         \leavevmode
         \raise -\@tempdimb \hbox{\box1}%
      \fi
      \egroup%
}%
%
%Macro for Display graphics object
%   \DFRAME{ contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#1
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#2
%          { draft label }                           %#3
%          { name }                                  %#4
%          { caption}                                %#5
\def\DFRAME#1#2#3#4#5{%
  \vspace\topsep
  \hfil\break
  \bgroup
     \leftskip\@flushglue
	 \rightskip\@flushglue
	 \parindent\z@
	 \parfillskip\z@skip
     \let\QCTOptA\empty
     \let\QCTOptB\empty
     \let\QCBOptA\empty
     \let\QCBOptB\empty
	 \vbox\bgroup
        \ifOverFrame 
           #5\QCTOptA\par
        \fi
        \GRAPHIC{#4}{#3}{#1}{#2}{\z@}%
        \ifUnderFrame 
           \break#5\QCBOptA
        \fi
	 \egroup
  \egroup
  \vspace\topsep
  \break
}%
%
%Macro for Floating graphic object
%   \FFRAME{ framedata f|i tbph x F|T }              %#1
%          { contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#2
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#3
%          { caption }                               %#4
%          { label }                                 %#5
%          { draft name }                            %#6
%          { body }                                  %#7
\def\FFRAME#1#2#3#4#5#6#7{%
 %If float.sty loaded and float option is 'h', change to 'H'  (gp) 1998/09/05
  \@ifundefined{floatstyle}
    {%floatstyle undefined (and float.sty not present), no change
     \begin{figure}[#1]%
    }
    {%floatstyle DEFINED
	 \ifx#1h%Only the h parameter, change to H
      \begin{figure}[H]%
	 \else
      \begin{figure}[#1]%
	 \fi
	}
  \let\QCTOptA\empty
  \let\QCTOptB\empty
  \let\QCBOptA\empty
  \let\QCBOptB\empty
  \ifOverFrame
    #4
    \ifx\QCTOptA\empty
    \else
      \ifx\QCTOptB\empty
        \caption{\QCTOptA}%
      \else
        \caption[\QCTOptB]{\QCTOptA}%
      \fi
    \fi
    \ifUnderFrame\else
      \label{#5}%
    \fi
  \else
    \UnderFrametrue%
  \fi
  \begin{center}\GRAPHIC{#7}{#6}{#2}{#3}{\z@}\end{center}%
  \ifUnderFrame
    #4
    \ifx\QCBOptA\empty
      \caption{}%
    \else
      \ifx\QCBOptB\empty
        \caption{\QCBOptA}%
      \else
        \caption[\QCBOptB]{\QCBOptA}%
      \fi
    \fi
    \label{#5}%
  \fi
  \end{figure}%
 }%
%
%
%    \FRAME{ framedata f|i tbph x F|T }              %#1
%          { contentswidth (scalar)  }               %#2
%          { contentsheight (scalar) }               %#3
%          { vertical shift when in-line (scalar) }  %#4
%          { caption }                               %#5
%          { label }                                 %#6
%          { name }                                  %#7
%          { body }                                  %#8
%
%    framedata is a string which can contain the following
%    characters: idftbphxFT
%    Their meaning is as follows:
%             i, d or f : in-line, display, or floating
%             t,b,p,h   : LaTeX floating placement options
%             x         : fit contents box to contents
%             F or T    : Figure or Table. 
%                         Later this can expand
%                         to a more general float class.
%
%
\newcount\dispkind%

\def\makeactives{
  \catcode`\"=\active
  \catcode`\;=\active
  \catcode`\:=\active
  \catcode`\'=\active
  \catcode`\~=\active
}
\bgroup
   \makeactives
   \gdef\activesoff{%
      \def"{\string"}%
      \def;{\string;}%
      \def:{\string:}%
      \def'{\string'}%
      \def~{\string~}%
      %\bbl@deactivate{"}%
      %\bbl@deactivate{;}%
      %\bbl@deactivate{:}%
      %\bbl@deactivate{'}%
    }
\egroup

\def\FRAME#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
 \bgroup
 \ifnum\@msidraft=\@ne
   \wasdrafttrue
 \else
   \wasdraftfalse%
 \fi
 \def\LaTeXparams{}%
 \dispkind=\z@
 \def\LaTeXparams{}%
 \doFRAMEparams{#1}%
 \ifnum\dispkind=\z@\IFRAME{#2}{#3}{#4}{#7}{#8}{#5}\else
  \ifnum\dispkind=\@ne\DFRAME{#2}{#3}{#7}{#8}{#5}\else
   \ifnum\dispkind=\tw@
    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\FFRAME{\LaTeXparams}}%
    \@tempa{#2}{#3}{#5}{#6}{#7}{#8}%
    \fi
   \fi
  \fi
  \ifwasdraft\@msidraft=1\else\@msidraft=0\fi{}%
  \egroup
 }%
%
% This macro added to let SW gobble a parameter that
% should not be passed on and expanded. 

\def\TEXUX#1{"texux"}

%
% Macros for text attributes:
%
\def\BF#1{{\bf {#1}}}%
\def\NEG#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\rlap{\thinspace/}{$#1$}}}%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%
% macros for user - defined functions
\def\limfunc#1{\mathop{\rm #1}}%
\def\func#1{\mathop{\rm #1}\nolimits}%
% macro for unit names
\def\unit#1{\mathord{\thinspace\rm #1}}%

%
% miscellaneous 
\long\def\QQQ#1#2{%
     \long\expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname{#2}}%
\@ifundefined{QTP}{\def\QTP#1{}}{}
\@ifundefined{QEXCLUDE}{\def\QEXCLUDE#1{}}{}
\@ifundefined{Qlb}{\def\Qlb#1{#1}}{}
\@ifundefined{Qlt}{\def\Qlt#1{#1}}{}
\def\QWE{}%
\long\def\QQA#1#2{}%
\def\QTR#1#2{{\csname#1\endcsname {#2}}}%
\long\def\TeXButton#1#2{#2}%
\long\def\QSubDoc#1#2{#2}%
\def\EXPAND#1[#2]#3{}%
\def\NOEXPAND#1[#2]#3{}%
\def\PROTECTED{}%
\def\LaTeXparent#1{}%
\def\ChildStyles#1{}%
\def\ChildDefaults#1{}%
\def\QTagDef#1#2#3{}%

% Constructs added with Scientific Notebook
\@ifundefined{correctchoice}{\def\correctchoice{\relax}}{}
\@ifundefined{HTML}{\def\HTML#1{\relax}}{}
\@ifundefined{TCIIcon}{\def\TCIIcon#1#2#3#4{\relax}}{}
\if@compatibility
  \typeout{Not defining UNICODE  U or CustomNote commands for LaTeX 2.09.}
\else
  \providecommand{\UNICODE}[2][]{\protect\rule{.1in}{.1in}}
  \providecommand{\U}[1]{\protect\rule{.1in}{.1in}}
  \providecommand{\CustomNote}[3][]{\marginpar{#3}}
\fi

\@ifundefined{lambdabar}{
      \def\lambdabar{\errmessage{You have used the lambdabar symbol. 
                      This is available for typesetting only in RevTeX styles.}}
   }{}

%
% Macros for style editor docs
\@ifundefined{StyleEditBeginDoc}{\def\StyleEditBeginDoc{\relax}}{}
%
% Macros for footnotes
\def\QQfnmark#1{\footnotemark}
\def\QQfntext#1#2{\addtocounter{footnote}{#1}\footnotetext{#2}}
%
% Macros for indexing.
%
\@ifundefined{TCIMAKEINDEX}{}{\makeindex}%
%
% Attempts to avoid problems with other styles
\@ifundefined{abstract}{%
 \def\abstract{%
  \if@twocolumn
   \section*{Abstract (Not appropriate in this style!)}%
   \else \small 
   \begin{center}{\bf Abstract\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}\end{center}%
   \quotation 
   \fi
  }%
 }{%
 }%
\@ifundefined{endabstract}{\def\endabstract
  {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}}{}%
\@ifundefined{maketitle}{\def\maketitle#1{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{affiliation}{\def\affiliation#1{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{proof}{\def\proof{\noindent{\bfseries Proof. }}}{}%
\@ifundefined{endproof}{\def\endproof{\mbox{\ \rule{.1in}{.1in}}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{newfield}{\def\newfield#1#2{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{chapter}{\def\chapter#1{\par(Chapter head:)#1\par }%
 \newcount\c@chapter}{}%
\@ifundefined{part}{\def\part#1{\par(Part head:)#1\par }}{}%
\@ifundefined{section}{\def\section#1{\par(Section head:)#1\par }}{}%
\@ifundefined{subsection}{\def\subsection#1%
 {\par(Subsection head:)#1\par }}{}%
\@ifundefined{subsubsection}{\def\subsubsection#1%
 {\par(Subsubsection head:)#1\par }}{}%
\@ifundefined{paragraph}{\def\paragraph#1%
 {\par(Subsubsubsection head:)#1\par }}{}%
\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{\def\subparagraph#1%
 {\par(Subsubsubsubsection head:)#1\par }}{}%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% These symbols are not recognized by LaTeX
\@ifundefined{therefore}{\def\therefore{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{backepsilon}{\def\backepsilon{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{yen}{\def\yen{\hbox{\rm\rlap=Y}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{registered}{%
   \def\registered{\relax\ifmmode{}\r@gistered
                    \else$\m@th\r@gistered$\fi}%
 \def\r@gistered{^{\ooalign
  {\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm\text{R}$}\hfil\crcr
  \mathhexbox20D}}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{Eth}{\def\Eth{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{eth}{\def\eth{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{Thorn}{\def\Thorn{}}{}%
\@ifundefined{thorn}{\def\thorn{}}{}%
% A macro to allow any symbol that requires math to appear in text
\def\TEXTsymbol#1{\mbox{$#1$}}%
\@ifundefined{degree}{\def\degree{{}^{\circ}}}{}%
%
% macros for T3TeX files
\newdimen\theight
\@ifundefined{Column}{\def\Column{%
 \vadjust{\setbox\z@=\hbox{\scriptsize\quad\quad tcol}%
  \theight=\ht\z@\advance\theight by \dp\z@\advance\theight by \lineskip
  \kern -\theight \vbox to \theight{%
   \rightline{\rlap{\box\z@}}%
   \vss
   }%
  }%
 }}{}%
%
\@ifundefined{qed}{\def\qed{%
 \ifhmode\unskip\nobreak\fi\ifmmode\ifinner\else\hskip5\p@\fi\fi
 \hbox{\hskip5\p@\vrule width4\p@ height6\p@ depth1.5\p@\hskip\p@}%
 }}{}%
%
\@ifundefined{cents}{\def\cents{\hbox{\rm\rlap c/}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{tciLaplace}{\def\tciLaplace{\ensuremath{\mathcal{L}}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{tciFourier}{\def\tciFourier{\ensuremath{\mathcal{F}}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{textcurrency}{\def\textcurrency{\hbox{\rm\rlap xo}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{texteuro}{\def\texteuro{\hbox{\rm\rlap C=}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{euro}{\def\euro{\hbox{\rm\rlap C=}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{textfranc}{\def\textfranc{\hbox{\rm\rlap-F}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{textlira}{\def\textlira{\hbox{\rm\rlap L=}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{textpeseta}{\def\textpeseta{\hbox{\rm P\negthinspace s}}}{}%
%
\@ifundefined{miss}{\def\miss{\hbox{\vrule height2\p@ width 2\p@ depth\z@}}}{}%
%
\@ifundefined{vvert}{\def\vvert{\Vert}}{}%  %always translated to \left| or \right|
%
\@ifundefined{tcol}{\def\tcol#1{{\baselineskip=6\p@ \vcenter{#1}} \Column}}{}%
%
\@ifundefined{dB}{\def\dB{\hbox{{}}}}{}%        %dummy entry in column 
\@ifundefined{mB}{\def\mB#1{\hbox{$#1$}}}{}%   %column entry
\@ifundefined{nB}{\def\nB#1{\hbox{#1}}}{}%     %column entry (not math)
%
\@ifundefined{note}{\def\note{$^{\dag}}}{}%
%
\def\newfmtname{LaTeX2e}
% No longer load latexsym.  This is now handled by SWP, which uses amsfonts if necessary
%
\ifx\fmtname\newfmtname
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\fi

%
% Greek bold macros
% Redefine all of the math symbols 
% which might be bolded	 - there are 
% probably others to add to this list

\def\alpha{{\Greekmath 010B}}%
\def\beta{{\Greekmath 010C}}%
\def\gamma{{\Greekmath 010D}}%
\def\delta{{\Greekmath 010E}}%
\def\epsilon{{\Greekmath 010F}}%
\def\zeta{{\Greekmath 0110}}%
\def\eta{{\Greekmath 0111}}%
\def\theta{{\Greekmath 0112}}%
\def\iota{{\Greekmath 0113}}%
\def\kappa{{\Greekmath 0114}}%
\def\lambda{{\Greekmath 0115}}%
\def\mu{{\Greekmath 0116}}%
\def\nu{{\Greekmath 0117}}%
\def\xi{{\Greekmath 0118}}%
\def\pi{{\Greekmath 0119}}%
\def\rho{{\Greekmath 011A}}%
\def\sigma{{\Greekmath 011B}}%
\def\tau{{\Greekmath 011C}}%
\def\upsilon{{\Greekmath 011D}}%
\def\phi{{\Greekmath 011E}}%
\def\chi{{\Greekmath 011F}}%
\def\psi{{\Greekmath 0120}}%
\def\omega{{\Greekmath 0121}}%
\def\varepsilon{{\Greekmath 0122}}%
\def\vartheta{{\Greekmath 0123}}%
\def\varpi{{\Greekmath 0124}}%
\def\varrho{{\Greekmath 0125}}%
\def\varsigma{{\Greekmath 0126}}%
\def\varphi{{\Greekmath 0127}}%

\def\nabla{{\Greekmath 0272}}
\def\FindBoldGroup{%
   {\setbox0=\hbox{$\mathbf{x\global\edef\theboldgroup{\the\mathgroup}}$}}%
}

\def\Greekmath#1#2#3#4{%
    \if@compatibility
        \ifnum\mathgroup=\symbold
           \mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
        \else
           \mathchar"#1#2#3#4% 
        \fi 
    \else 
        \FindBoldGroup
        \ifnum\mathgroup=\theboldgroup % For 2e
           \mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
        \else
           \mathchar"#1#2#3#4% 
        \fi     	    
	  \fi}

\newif\ifGreekBold  \GreekBoldfalse
\let\SAVEPBF=\pbf
\def\pbf{\GreekBoldtrue\SAVEPBF}%
%

\@ifundefined{theorem}{\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}}{}
\@ifundefined{lemma}{\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}}{}
\@ifundefined{corollary}{\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}}{}
\@ifundefined{conjecture}{\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture}}{}
\@ifundefined{proposition}{\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}}{}
\@ifundefined{axiom}{\newtheorem{axiom}{Axiom}}{}
\@ifundefined{remark}{\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}}{}
\@ifundefined{example}{\newtheorem{example}{Example}}{}
\@ifundefined{exercise}{\newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}}{}
\@ifundefined{definition}{\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}}{}


\@ifundefined{mathletters}{%
  %\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
  \newcounter{equationnumber}  
  \def\mathletters{%
     \addtocounter{equation}{1}
     \edef\@currentlabel{\theequation}%
     \setcounter{equationnumber}{\c@equation}
     \setcounter{equation}{0}%
     \edef\theequation{\@currentlabel\noexpand\alph{equation}}%
  }
  \def\endmathletters{%
     \setcounter{equation}{\value{equationnumber}}%
  }
}{}

%Logos
\@ifundefined{BibTeX}{%
    \def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
                 T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{AmS}%
    {\def\AmS{{\protect\usefont{OMS}{cmsy}{m}{n}%
                A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{AmSTeX}{\def\AmSTeX{\protect\AmS-\protect\TeX\@}}{}%
%

% This macro is a fix to eqnarray
\def\@@eqncr{\let\@tempa\relax
    \ifcase\@eqcnt \def\@tempa{& & &}\or \def\@tempa{& &}%
      \else \def\@tempa{&}\fi
     \@tempa
     \if@eqnsw
        \iftag@
           \@taggnum
        \else
           \@eqnnum\stepcounter{equation}%
        \fi
     \fi
     \global\tag@false
     \global\@eqnswtrue
     \global\@eqcnt\z@\cr}


\def\TCItag{\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}}
\def\@TCItag#1{%
    \global\tag@true
    \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}%
    \global\def\@currentlabel{#1}}
\def\@TCItagstar*#1{%
    \global\tag@true
    \global\def\@taggnum{#1}%
    \global\def\@currentlabel{#1}}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\def\QATOP#1#2{{#1 \atop #2}}%
\def\QTATOP#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \atop #2}}}%
\def\QDATOP#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \atop #2}}}%
\def\QABOVE#1#2#3{{#2 \above#1 #3}}%
\def\QTABOVE#1#2#3{{\textstyle {#2 \above#1 #3}}}%
\def\QDABOVE#1#2#3{{\displaystyle {#2 \above#1 #3}}}%
\def\QOVERD#1#2#3#4{{#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}%
\def\QTOVERD#1#2#3#4{{\textstyle {#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QDOVERD#1#2#3#4{{\displaystyle {#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QATOPD#1#2#3#4{{#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}%
\def\QTATOPD#1#2#3#4{{\textstyle {#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QDATOPD#1#2#3#4{{\displaystyle {#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}%
\def\QTABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{\textstyle 
   {#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}}%
\def\QDABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{\displaystyle 
   {#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}}%
%
% Macros for text size operators:
%
\def\tint{\mathop{\textstyle \int}}%
\def\tiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iint }}%
\def\tiiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iiint }}%
\def\tiiiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iiiint }}%
\def\tidotsint{\mathop{\textstyle \idotsint }}%
\def\toint{\mathop{\textstyle \oint}}%
\def\tsum{\mathop{\textstyle \sum }}%
\def\tprod{\mathop{\textstyle \prod }}%
\def\tbigcap{\mathop{\textstyle \bigcap }}%
\def\tbigwedge{\mathop{\textstyle \bigwedge }}%
\def\tbigoplus{\mathop{\textstyle \bigoplus }}%
\def\tbigodot{\mathop{\textstyle \bigodot }}%
\def\tbigsqcup{\mathop{\textstyle \bigsqcup }}%
\def\tcoprod{\mathop{\textstyle \coprod }}%
\def\tbigcup{\mathop{\textstyle \bigcup }}%
\def\tbigvee{\mathop{\textstyle \bigvee }}%
\def\tbigotimes{\mathop{\textstyle \bigotimes }}%
\def\tbiguplus{\mathop{\textstyle \biguplus }}%
%
%
%Macros for display size operators:
%
\def\dint{\mathop{\displaystyle \int}}%
\def\diint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iint}}%
\def\diiint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iiint}}%
\def\diiiint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iiiint }}%
\def\didotsint{\mathop{\displaystyle \idotsint }}%
\def\doint{\mathop{\displaystyle \oint}}%
\def\dsum{\mathop{\displaystyle \sum }}%
\def\dprod{\mathop{\displaystyle \prod }}%
\def\dbigcap{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigcap }}%
\def\dbigwedge{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigwedge }}%
\def\dbigoplus{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigoplus }}%
\def\dbigodot{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigodot }}%
\def\dbigsqcup{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigsqcup }}%
\def\dcoprod{\mathop{\displaystyle \coprod }}%
\def\dbigcup{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigcup }}%
\def\dbigvee{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigvee }}%
\def\dbigotimes{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigotimes }}%
\def\dbiguplus{\mathop{\displaystyle \biguplus }}%

\if@compatibility\else
  % Always load amsmath in LaTeX2e mode
  \RequirePackage{amsmath}
\fi

\def\ExitTCILatex{\makeatother\endinput}

\bgroup
\ifx\ds@amstex\relax
   \message{amstex already loaded}\aftergroup\ExitTCILatex
\else
   \@ifpackageloaded{amsmath}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amsmath already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\ExitTCILatex}
      {}
   \@ifpackageloaded{amstex}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amstex already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\ExitTCILatex}
      {}
   \@ifpackageloaded{amsgen}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amsgen already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\ExitTCILatex}
      {}
\fi
\egroup

%Exit if any of the AMS macros are already loaded.
%This is always the case for LaTeX2e mode.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% NOTE: The rest of this file is read only if in LaTeX 2.09 compatibility
% mode. This section is used to define AMS-like constructs in the
% event they have not been defined.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\typeout{TCILATEX defining AMS-like constructs in LaTeX 2.09 COMPATIBILITY MODE}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%  Macros to define some AMS LaTeX constructs when 
%  AMS LaTeX has not been loaded
% 
% These macros are copied from the AMS-TeX package for doing
% multiple integrals.
%
\let\DOTSI\relax
\def\RIfM@{\relax\ifmmode}%
\def\FN@{\futurelet\next}%
\newcount\intno@
\def\iint{\DOTSI\intno@\tw@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\iiint{\DOTSI\intno@\thr@@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\iiiint{\DOTSI\intno@4 \FN@\ints@}%
\def\idotsint{\DOTSI\intno@\z@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\ints@{\findlimits@\ints@@}%
\newif\iflimtoken@
\newif\iflimits@
\def\findlimits@{\limtoken@true\ifx\next\limits\limits@true
 \else\ifx\next\nolimits\limits@false\else
 \limtoken@false\ifx\ilimits@\nolimits\limits@false\else
 \ifinner\limits@false\else\limits@true\fi\fi\fi\fi}%
\def\multint@{\int\ifnum\intno@=\z@\intdots@                          %1
 \else\intkern@\fi                                                    %2
 \ifnum\intno@>\tw@\int\intkern@\fi                                   %3
 \ifnum\intno@>\thr@@\int\intkern@\fi                                 %4
 \int}%                                                               %5
\def\multintlimits@{\intop\ifnum\intno@=\z@\intdots@\else\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\tw@\intop\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\thr@@\intop\intkern@\fi\intop}%
\def\intic@{%
    \mathchoice{\hskip.5em}{\hskip.4em}{\hskip.4em}{\hskip.4em}}%
\def\negintic@{\mathchoice
 {\hskip-.5em}{\hskip-.4em}{\hskip-.4em}{\hskip-.4em}}%
\def\ints@@{\iflimtoken@                                              %1
 \def\ints@@@{\iflimits@\negintic@
   \mathop{\intic@\multintlimits@}\limits                             %2
  \else\multint@\nolimits\fi                                          %3
  \eat@}%                                                             %4
 \else                                                                %5
 \def\ints@@@{\iflimits@\negintic@
  \mathop{\intic@\multintlimits@}\limits\else
  \multint@\nolimits\fi}\fi\ints@@@}%
\def\intkern@{\mathchoice{\!\!\!}{\!\!}{\!\!}{\!\!}}%
\def\plaincdots@{\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}%
\def\intdots@{\mathchoice{\plaincdots@}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}}%
%
%
%  These macros are for doing the AMS \text{} construct
%
\def\RIfM@{\relax\protect\ifmmode}
\def\text{\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi}
\let\nfss@text\text
\def\text@#1{\mathchoice
   {\textdef@\displaystyle\f@size{#1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle\tf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle\sf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle \ssf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   \glb@settings}

\def\textdef@#1#2#3{\hbox{{%
                    \everymath{#1}%
                    \let\f@size#2\selectfont
                    #3}}}
\newif\iffirstchoice@
\firstchoice@true
%
%These are the AMS constructs for multiline limits.
%
\def\Let@{\relax\iffalse{\fi\let\\=\cr\iffalse}\fi}%
\def\vspace@{\def\vspace##1{\crcr\noalign{\vskip##1\relax}}}%
\def\multilimits@{\bgroup\vspace@\Let@
 \baselineskip\fontdimen10 \scriptfont\tw@
 \advance\baselineskip\fontdimen12 \scriptfont\tw@
 \lineskip\thr@@\fontdimen8 \scriptfont\thr@@
 \lineskiplimit\lineskip
 \vbox\bgroup\ialign\bgroup\hfil$\m@th\scriptstyle{##}$\hfil\crcr}%
\def\Sb{_\multilimits@}%
\def\endSb{\crcr\egroup\egroup\egroup}%
\def\Sp{^\multilimits@}%
\let\endSp\endSb
%
%
%These are AMS constructs for horizontal arrows
%
\newdimen\ex@
\ex@.2326ex
\def\rightarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord-\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
 \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}%
\def\leftarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill\mkern-6mu\mathord-$}%
\def\leftrightarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord\leftarrow
\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
 \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}%
\def\overrightarrow{\mathpalette\overrightarrow@}%
\def\overrightarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\rightarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\let\overarrow\overrightarrow
\def\overleftarrow{\mathpalette\overleftarrow@}%
\def\overleftarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\leftarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\def\overleftrightarrow{\mathpalette\overleftrightarrow@}%
\def\overleftrightarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr
   \leftrightarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\def\underrightarrow{\mathpalette\underrightarrow@}%
\def\underrightarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil
  $\crcr\noalign{\nointerlineskip}\rightarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%
\let\underarrow\underrightarrow
\def\underleftarrow{\mathpalette\underleftarrow@}%
\def\underleftarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil
  $\crcr\noalign{\nointerlineskip}\leftarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%
\def\underleftrightarrow{\mathpalette\underleftrightarrow@}%
\def\underleftrightarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th
  \hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip}\leftrightarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\qopnamewl@#1{\mathop{\operator@font#1}\nlimits@}
\let\nlimits@\displaylimits
\def\setboxz@h{\setbox\z@\hbox}


\def\varlim@#1#2{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
 \hfil$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$\hfil\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip}#2#1\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip\kern-\ex@}\crcr}}}}

 \def\rightarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1-$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\copy\z@\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\box\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}
\def\leftarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1-$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\copy\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\box\z@$}


\def\projlim{\qopnamewl@{proj\,lim}}
\def\injlim{\qopnamewl@{inj\,lim}}
\def\varinjlim{\mathpalette\varlim@\rightarrowfill@}
\def\varprojlim{\mathpalette\varlim@\leftarrowfill@}
\def\varliminf{\mathpalette\varliminf@{}}
\def\varliminf@#1{\mathop{\underline{\vrule\@depth.2\ex@\@width\z@
   \hbox{$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$}}}}
\def\varlimsup{\mathpalette\varlimsup@{}}
\def\varlimsup@#1{\mathop{\overline
  {\hbox{$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$}}}}

%
%Companion to stackrel
\def\stackunder#1#2{\mathrel{\mathop{#2}\limits_{#1}}}%
%
%
% These are AMS environments that will be defined to
% be verbatims if amstex has not actually been 
% loaded
%
%
\begingroup \catcode `|=0 \catcode `[= 1
\catcode`]=2 \catcode `\{=12 \catcode `\}=12
\catcode`\\=12 
|gdef|@alignverbatim#1\end{align}[#1|end[align]]
|gdef|@salignverbatim#1\end{align*}[#1|end[align*]]

|gdef|@alignatverbatim#1\end{alignat}[#1|end[alignat]]
|gdef|@salignatverbatim#1\end{alignat*}[#1|end[alignat*]]

|gdef|@xalignatverbatim#1\end{xalignat}[#1|end[xalignat]]
|gdef|@sxalignatverbatim#1\end{xalignat*}[#1|end[xalignat*]]

|gdef|@gatherverbatim#1\end{gather}[#1|end[gather]]
|gdef|@sgatherverbatim#1\end{gather*}[#1|end[gather*]]

|gdef|@gatherverbatim#1\end{gather}[#1|end[gather]]
|gdef|@sgatherverbatim#1\end{gather*}[#1|end[gather*]]


|gdef|@multilineverbatim#1\end{multiline}[#1|end[multiline]]
|gdef|@smultilineverbatim#1\end{multiline*}[#1|end[multiline*]]

|gdef|@arraxverbatim#1\end{arrax}[#1|end[arrax]]
|gdef|@sarraxverbatim#1\end{arrax*}[#1|end[arrax*]]

|gdef|@tabulaxverbatim#1\end{tabulax}[#1|end[tabulax]]
|gdef|@stabulaxverbatim#1\end{tabulax*}[#1|end[tabulax*]]


|endgroup
  

  
\def\align{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@alignverbatim
You are using the "align" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endalign=\endtrivlist
 
\@namedef{align*}{\@verbatim\@salignverbatim
You are using the "align*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endalign*\endcsname =\endtrivlist




\def\alignat{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@alignatverbatim
You are using the "alignat" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endalignat=\endtrivlist
 
\@namedef{alignat*}{\@verbatim\@salignatverbatim
You are using the "alignat*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endalignat*\endcsname =\endtrivlist




\def\xalignat{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@xalignatverbatim
You are using the "xalignat" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endxalignat=\endtrivlist
 
\@namedef{xalignat*}{\@verbatim\@sxalignatverbatim
You are using the "xalignat*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endxalignat*\endcsname =\endtrivlist




\def\gather{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@gatherverbatim
You are using the "gather" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endgather=\endtrivlist
 
\@namedef{gather*}{\@verbatim\@sgatherverbatim
You are using the "gather*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endgather*\endcsname =\endtrivlist


\def\multiline{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@multilineverbatim
You are using the "multiline" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endmultiline=\endtrivlist
 
\@namedef{multiline*}{\@verbatim\@smultilineverbatim
You are using the "multiline*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endmultiline*\endcsname =\endtrivlist


\def\arrax{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@arraxverbatim
You are using a type of "array" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\let\endarrax=\endtrivlist

\def\tabulax{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@tabulaxverbatim
You are using a type of "tabular" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\let\endtabulax=\endtrivlist

 
\@namedef{arrax*}{\@verbatim\@sarraxverbatim
You are using a type of "array*" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\expandafter\let\csname endarrax*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\@namedef{tabulax*}{\@verbatim\@stabulaxverbatim
You are using a type of "tabular*" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\expandafter\let\csname endtabulax*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

% macro to simulate ams tag construct


% This macro is a fix to the equation environment
 \def\endequation{%
     \ifmmode\ifinner % FLEQN hack
      \iftag@
        \addtocounter{equation}{-1} % undo the increment made in the begin part
        $\hfil
           \displaywidth\linewidth\@taggnum\egroup \endtrivlist
        \global\tag@false
        \global\@ignoretrue   
      \else
        $\hfil
           \displaywidth\linewidth\@eqnnum\egroup \endtrivlist
        \global\tag@false
        \global\@ignoretrue 
      \fi
     \else   
      \iftag@
        \addtocounter{equation}{-1} % undo the increment made in the begin part
        \eqno \hbox{\@taggnum}
        \global\tag@false%
        $$\global\@ignoretrue
      \else
        \eqno \hbox{\@eqnnum}% $$ BRACE MATCHING HACK
        $$\global\@ignoretrue
      \fi
     \fi\fi
 } 

 \newif\iftag@ \tag@false
 
 \def\TCItag{\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}}
 \def\@TCItag#1{%
     \global\tag@true
     \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}%
     \global\def\@currentlabel{#1}}
 \def\@TCItagstar*#1{%
     \global\tag@true
     \global\def\@taggnum{#1}%
     \global\def\@currentlabel{#1}}

  \@ifundefined{tag}{
     \def\tag{\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}}
     \def\@tag#1{%
         \global\tag@true
         \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}}
     \def\@tagstar*#1{%
         \global\tag@true
         \global\def\@taggnum{#1}}
  }{}

\def\tfrac#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \over #2}}}%
\def\dfrac#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \over #2}}}%
\def\binom#1#2{{#1 \choose #2}}%
\def\tbinom#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \choose #2}}}%
\def\dbinom#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \choose #2}}}%

% Do not add anything to the end of this file.  
% The last section of the file is loaded only if 
% amstex has not been.
\makeatother
\endinput

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End /macros/LaTeX/SWmacros/tcilatex.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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%% --------------------------------------------------------------
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End /macros/LaTeX/base/leqno.clo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Start /macros/LaTeX/base/fleqn.clo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%
%% This is file `fleqn.clo',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% ltmath.dtx  (with options: `fleqn')
%% 
%% This is a generated file.
%% 
%% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
%% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere
%% in this file.
%% 
%% This file was generated from file(s) of the LaTeX base system.
%% --------------------------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%% 
%% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%% 
%% This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the LaTeX
%% base system. You may however distribute the LaTeX base system without
%% such generated files.
%% 
%% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
%% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional
%% information.
%% 
%% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
%% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
%% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
%%% From File: ltmath.dtx
\ProvidesFile{fleqn.clo}
        [1998/08/17 v1.1c Standard LaTeX option
                                   (flush left equations)]
\newdimen\mathindent
\AtEndOfClass{\mathindent\leftmargini}
\renewcommand\[{\relax
                \ifmmode\@badmath
                \else
                  \begin{trivlist}%
                    \@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
                    \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
                    \item[]\leavevmode
                    \hb@xt@\linewidth\bgroup $\m@th\displaystyle %$
                      \hskip\mathindent\bgroup
                \fi}
\renewcommand\]{\relax
                \ifmmode
                      \egroup $\hfil% $
                    \egroup
                  \end{trivlist}%
                \else \@badmath
                \fi}
\renewenvironment{equation}%
    {\@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
     \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
     \refstepcounter{equation}%
     \trivlist \item[]\leavevmode
       \hb@xt@\linewidth\bgroup $\m@th% $
         \displaystyle
         \hskip\mathindent}%
        {$\hfil % $
         \displaywidth\linewidth\hbox{\@eqnnum}%
       \egroup
     \endtrivlist}
\renewenvironment{eqnarray}{%
    \stepcounter{equation}%
    \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}%
    \global\@eqnswtrue\m@th
    \global\@eqcnt\z@
    \tabskip\mathindent
    \let\\=\@eqncr
    \setlength\abovedisplayskip{\topsep}%
    \ifvmode
      \addtolength\abovedisplayskip{\partopsep}%
    \fi
    \addtolength\abovedisplayskip{\parskip}%
    \setlength\belowdisplayskip{\abovedisplayskip}%
    \setlength\belowdisplayshortskip{\abovedisplayskip}%
    \setlength\abovedisplayshortskip{\abovedisplayskip}%
    $$\everycr{}\halign to\linewidth% $$
    \bgroup
      \hskip\@centering
      $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@skip{##}$\@eqnsel&%
      \global\@eqcnt\@ne \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil&%
      \global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep
        $\displaystyle{##}$\hfil \tabskip\@centering&%
      \global\@eqcnt\thr@@
        \hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss##\egroup\tabskip\z@skip\cr}%
      {\@@eqncr
    \egroup
    \global\advance\c@equation\m@ne$$% $$
    \@ignoretrue
    }
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `fleqn.clo'.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End /macros/LaTeX/base/fleqn.clo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%