1. In accord with George Kelsey's argument, your textbook says that racism and Christianity are philosophically
*a. incompatible because racism involves an implicit worship of one's genes and an understanding of human worth that is contrary to Christianity.
b. incompatible because the Declaration of Independence says everyone is "created equal."
c. incompatible because he believes that Jesus was black.
d. compatible because the Bible endorses the idea of hierarchical relationships between people.
e. compatible because the Bible says Ham, whose skin was dark, was the rejected son.

2. Levels of racism among church members show that
a. the most active church members are the most racist, followed by inactive members. The least racist are nonmembers.
b. the nonmembers are the most racist, followed by inactive members. The least racist are the most active church members.
*c. the most active church members are the least racist, followed by nonmembers. The most racist are inactive church members.
d. church members, when actives and inactives are combined, are far less prejudiced than unchurched people.
e. church membership or levels of activity in a church are not related to tendencies toward racism.

3. At first, white masters in North America refused to allow missionaries to preach to their slaves because most denominations
a. did not want blacks in their churches.
b. charged plantation owners heavily for the service.
c. taught that blacks were related to chimpanzees and not fully human; therefore they could not be converted to Christianity.
*d. maintained that a Christian could not own another Christian; thus black converts would have to be freed.
e. all of the above.

4. Which of the following was NOT among the cultural meaning factors associated with racism?
a. Color symbolism.
b. The doctrine of "free-will" individualism.
c. The "miracle motif" and acceptance of the status quo.
d. Particularism.
*e. The doctrine of predestination.

5. Joe feels he is not prejudiced against other people. He does not think anyone should be subjugated, humiliated, or demeaned by others. But he doesn't really want to interact with blacks. Just shaking hands with a person of color makes him feel like his hand is dirty. As long as he does not have to associate with them personally, he has no problem with Americans of African descent. Sociologists would say that Joe's attitude illustrates
a. the "miracle motif."
*b. aversive racism.
c. dominative racism.
d. institutional racism.
e. religious particularism.

6. Among religious abolitionists, which of the following may have been linked to aversive racism, keeping blacks separated and disadvantaged?
*a. Color symbolism.
b. The miracle motif.
c. Free will individualism.
d. Aligning actions.

7. A situation in which policies in one aspect of society causes unintended discrimination in another social realm is called
a. aversive discrimination.
b. color symbolism.
c. particularism.
*d. indirect institutional discrimination.
e. racial asceticism.

8. The "miracle motif" is likely to lead believers to
a. pray without ceasing for a miracle.
*b. believe that God will bring change at the divinely appointed time and that human action is unnecessary.
c. organize prayer circles to petition the almighty for change.
d. inspire believers both to pray and work for change.
e. become actively involved in trying to solve problems of institutional discrimination.

9. Development of we-they prejudice involving religious groups is especially likely in situations where racial, economic, and religious boundaries are
a. cross-cutting.
b. nonexistent.
*c. coextensive.
d. blurred.

10. Sentiments expressed by college students toward the Danireans, Pireneans, and Wallonians can likely best be explained by
a. conflict over scarce resources with members of these groups.
b. negative effects of ethnic jokes.
c. stereotypes.
d. institutional discrimination.
*e. "we-they" theory.

11. An important reason that clergy in Little Rock did not speak out more forcefully during the school desegregation crisis in that city was that
a. most of them did not support school desegregation.
*b. institutional rewards enticed them to go easy and not rock the boat.
c. the official policies of their denominations either supported segregation or were silent on the matter.
d. white "citizens' councils" threatened to burn their homes.
e. all of the above.

12. Your textbook suggested that a belonging system of a religion can increase racism through
*a. group development of informal and unofficial norms favoring discrimination.
b. discouraging a dualistic worldview.
c. adherence to the basic teachings of Christianity.
d. official policies, which in most denominations still define blacks as inferior.
e. all of the above.

13. Several good friends at a church potluck supper complain to each other about characteristics of another ethnic group and laugh at a few ethnic jokes. This is an example of how in a religion can contribute to racism.
a. institutional factors
*b. belonging factors
c. meaning factors
d. cognitive development factors
e. anomie

14. Roberts believes that the most important issue in racial and ethnic discrimination is
a. religious doctrines.
b. improper socialization.
c. alienation.
d. personality maladjustments in prejudiced people.
*e. conflict over scarce resources.

15. A major thesis of Roberts's chapter on Christianity and racism is that
a. Christianity, like most religions, is intrinsically racist.
b. some Christians are racist, but they are maladjusted individuals who do not represent the majority.
c. discrimination will soon stop because racism within the church is nearly eradicated.
*d. religion may contribute to prejudice unintentionallyas in the case of the institutional system or the belonging system rewarding behaviors contrary to the official meaning system of the faith.
e. all of the above.

16. The idea that religious prejudice is a consequence of other social processes and tensions rather than its cause is most forcefully represented in
*a. conflict theory.
b. structural functional theory.
c. symbolic interaction theory.
d. rational choice theory.
e. reference group theory.

17. Which category of church members are likely to be racially prejudiced because belonging factors and informal norms in a religious organization influence them more strongly than does the official ideology of the organization?
*a. communal members
b. associational members
c. instrumental members
d. affective members

18. Which of the following is NOT a point made by Roberts regarding religious bigotry?
a. One reason for racial prejudice in the churches is that extrinsically religious persons join churches for secular reasons and, thus, are not necessarily committed to the moral teaching of the faith.
b. The symbolic connotation of the colors black and white, which can be traced back many centuries in Western civilization, may be one of the factors that has unwittingly contributed to racism.
c. Christian particularism is highly correlated with anti-Semitism, but not with racial prejudice.
d. Religious prejudice is often a reflection of larger social conflicts rather than their cause.
*e. Two-thirds of the major denominations in the U.S. have not spoken out and declared Christianity and racism to be mutually exclusive.

19. Many preachers in Little Rock, AK did not use prophetic ministry to speak out against discrimination in their community. However, Protestant clergy in California were much more likely to preach using prophetic ministry. Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining whether a preacher will follow the ideals of the church and take prophetic stands against racism?
a. Relative liberalism or conservatism of the congregation
*b. Size of the congregation
c. Relative liberalism or conservatism of denominational leaders
d. Organization of the denomination

20. Which idea about Puritans and Puritan Theology was NOT mentioned in the text?
*a. Protestant emphasis on moral purity is still the most important contributor to the formation of racist attitudes among Christians today.
b. Puritanist theology created a desire for inner purity, which caused pietists to “project” evil onto the African Americans.
c. The opposition of slavery that was found among Quakers was due primarily to their concern for the moral purity of the slaveholders. They felt that slaveholding created a sense of superiority and pride in the slaveholdera very serious sin.
d. Puritans took a strong stance against dominative racism but in some ways helped reinforce aversive racism.
e. Quakers set up programs to educate blacks and help them gain economic independence.