1. The assertion that "religion is the opiate of the people" is attributed to
a. Emile Durkheim.
b. Rudolph Otto.
c. Max Weber.
d. Rodney Stark.
*e. Karl Marx.

2. The idea that religion as an institution is a tool by which the affluent keep the poor in their place and justify the current social system as uniquely fair and just is favored by which theoretical perspective in sociology?
a. Open systems theory.
b. Symbolic interactionism.
c. Exchange theory.
*d. Conflict theory.
e. Structural functionalism.

3. People who are socially oppressed and experience a great deal of suffering need some explanation of a deeper justice or meaning that will ultimately prevail. Such explanations are called
*a. theodicies.
b. apocalypticisms.
c. opiates.
d. catechisms.
e. millenarian mollifiers.

4. The problem of theodicy is
*a. dealt with by all religions.
b. dealt with only by monotheistic religions.
c. ignored only by monotheistic religions.
d. solved when the symbol system becomes unrelated to the theology of the group.
e. solved when the belonging system and the institutional system become merged into one system.

5. The evidence presented in the textbook demonstrates that theodicies
a. are only operative for persons of low socioeconomic status.
b. are only operative for persons with high socioeconomic status.
*c. vary systematically according to socioeconomic status.
d. are highly variable and usually unrelated to social class.
e. are more common among men than among women.

6. Which of the following is NOT typically an emphasis of the religion of the lower classes?
a. It tends to be high in emotional content.
*b. Sin is conceived as "wrong actions" or "vices" and not as a "state of being."
c. The deity is depicted as a comforter, protector, and savior.
d. The real battle between good and evil is mostly a conflict of the "super-powers:" God and Satan.
e. The true believer should alienate himself or herself from the values and concerns of this world.

7. The idea that people are attracted to a particular theodicy or a particular religious group because the belief system is compatible with their own social circumstances and needs is called
a. theodicy contingency theory.
b. esthetic harmony theory.
c. apocalypticism.
d. anomie.
*e. elective affinity.

8. Some religious movements espouse a belief in the coming of a new divinely-ruled era in this world which is brought aboutin partthrough supernatural action. These movements are called
a. ghost movements.
*b. millenarian movements.
c. redemptive movements.
d. alternative movements.
e. apocalyptic movements.

9. An apocalyptic worldview is usually most appealing to
a. people of the highest socioeconomic class.
b. people who are upwardly mobile, but still middle class.
c. stable working class people.
*d. the most oppressed, destitute, and hopeless people.
e. none of the above; the appeal of apocalypticism is not related to socioeconomic circumstances.

10. A postmillenial belief agues that Christ will come to reign over the earth
*a. after humans have prepared the way.
b. after the apocalypse.
c. after humans have fallen to the lowest levels of evil.
d. before grades are mailed out.
e. 1,000 years after the Kingdom of God comes.

11. Which of the following religious worldviews is most likely to mobilize people to activism?
a. Apocalypticism.
b. Premillenialism.
*c. Postmillenialism.
d. Asceticism.
e. Mysticism.

12. Hymns and sermons in lower-class and working-class churches often stress the following theme(s):
*a. suffering and hardship.
b. affirmation of individual self-worth.
c. valuing of individual achievement and self-worth.
d. assimilation of religious values with those of the larger society.
e. all of the above.

13. The churches of the affluent are more likely than those of the lower-classes to have a moral code that affirms four of the following. Which of the following is NOT a typical moral affirmation of the affluent churches?
a. Relativity is valued.
b. Particularism is condemned as an evil.
c. Anything limiting individual freedom or blocking individual opportunity is likely to be defined as fundamentally evil.
*d. Obeying rules for their own sake as an expression of loyalty is stressed.
e. Divergent thinking and individualism is encouraged.

14. Regarding religion and social class, which of the following is NOT a claim set forth in the text?
a. Religious moral values tend to parallel skills, values, and qualities that are rewarded on the job and therefore vary by socioeconomic class.
*b. Affluent churches tend to be theologically and ethically conservative.
c. Conservative white Christians tend to define moral relativism as evil.
d. In contrast to upper classes, lower-class churches tend to define sin as a "state of being."
e. Affluent people in upper-class churches sometimes support programs that challenge the status quo and are contrary to their own economic self-interests.

15. The thesis about the origins of black religion in America set forth by Herskovits, Wilmore, and other scholars implies that
a. Christianization was the final step in forcing complete assimilation of Africans to the dominate culture and obliterating "survivals."
b. the emotional character of the black church is rooted in class standing and will subside as members improve their socioeconomic standing.
c. the mode or style of expression of black religion is entirely a product of contemporary social circumstances.
*d. unique characteristics of African-American worship style will likely continue, despite changes in social circumstances of blacks.
e. all of the above.

16. Roberts's discussion of African-American spirituals notes that these songs
a. were written by the white slave owners to help keep their slaves pacified.
b. offered hope that was unrealistic in light of the circumstances of slaves.
c. frequently tried unabashedly to incite rebellion.
d. contained implicit theodicies that blamed the slaves for their plight.
*e. often contained coded messages that were not discernable to the slave owners.

17. African American religion has contributed to social change, especially civil rights militancy, among members in several ways. Which of the following is NOT among them?
a. Enhancing self-esteem of blacks.
b. Providing organizational networks that can be used for mobilizing people on civil rights issues.
c. Providing leadership through the clergy.
*d. Uniting almost all African-Americans under the same nation-wide black denomination.

18. Regarding the African-American religious experience, your textbook author concludes that
a. contemporary African-American religion no longer has any vestiges of African heritage.
b. the minister in the black church has unusually low social status.
*c. African-American spirituals were often this-worldly in orientation.
d. African-American religion has been far less inclined to splinter into sects and cults than has Christianity in America generally.
e. religion was seldom used by whites as a mechanism of control over blacks.

19. Liberation theology is
a. this-worldly in concern and passive in strategy of change.
b. otherworldly in concern and therefore passive in strategy of change.
*c. this-worldly in concern and activist in strategy of change.
d. this-worldly in concern but otherworldly in strategy of change.
e. staunchly anti-millenarian.
20. The evidence presented in the text essentially adds up to the conclusion that
*a. religion both influences and is influenced by the socioeconomic system.
b. religion influences, but is not particularly influenced by, the socioeconomic system.
c. religion does not really influence the socioeconomic system much, but is influenced by it.
d. contrary to conventional wisdom, there really isn't much of a correlation between socioeconomic status and theology.

21. To what social class of people is the millenarian outlook most likely to be appealing?
*a. lower class.
b. middle class.
c. upper class.
d. none of the above. It is timeless in its attraction, appealing
e. equally to all people.