It is the turn of each of the following students to write a paper for this class meeting: Mehdi FARASHAHI, Daniel TOMIUK, Sidi SBAI CHKIRID, Samir ELHEDHIL, and Abdullah DASCI. The topic is ethnography.

Remember that you must write your paper as if you were presenting your responses to an audience of other researchers (for instance, other doctoral students, professors, journal readers) who are completely unfamiliar with the topic and who have not read the papers that you have read.

When writing your paper, be sure to state the question at the beginning of the paper.

The paper must be submitted no later than Tuesday, June 10, at 10am. Follow the instructions in the syllabus for submitting the paper to AllenLee@Management.McGill.ca. By noon, all of the papers will be forwarded to the entire class via the electronic discussion list, Lee-PhD@Management.McGill.ca. All students must read these papers in preparation for class.

1. (Mehdi FARASHAHI, Samir ELHEDHIL.) Please answer the following:

(a) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (p. 3): "One of the defining characteristics of ethnographic research is that the investigator goes into the field, instead of bringing the field to the investigator." Define ethnography in a few sentences or a brief paragraph, after you look though Schwartzman's book selectively for material to help you compose a definition.

(b) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (page 4): "In Chapter 5, I present some guidelines for the conduct of ethnography in organizations..." Chapter 5 identifies these elements in ethnographic research: (i) access, entry, and first encounters; (ii) roles and research; (iii) context analysis; (iv) observations and interviews (including ethnographic interviews); (v) analyzing events and routines; and (vi) hearing voices and representing them. For each one of these elements, explain what you believe to be the single most important point that Schwartzman makes about this element; for each of these elements, an explanation consisting of just a few sentences or a brief paragraph would suffice.

(c) Describe just two or three ways in which you believe Barley's ethnography, "Images of Imaging: Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work" (in Organization Science, Volume 1, Number 3, 1990. pp. 220-247) could be improved.

2. (Daniel TOMIUK, Abdullah DASCI.) Please answer the following:

(a) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (p. 3): "One of the defining characteristics of ethnographic research is that the investigator goes into the field, instead of bringing the field to the investigator." Define ethnography in a few sentences or a brief paragraph, after you look though Schwartzman's book selectively for material to help you compose a definition.

(b) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (page 4): "In Chapter 5, I present some guidelines for the conduct of ethnography in organizations..." Chapter 5 identifies these elements in ethnographic research: (i) access, entry, and first encounters; (ii) roles and research; (iii) context analysis; (iv) observations and interviews (including ethnographic interviews); (v) analyzing events and routines; and (vi) hearing voices and representing them. For each one of these elements, explain what you believe to be the single most important point that Schwartman makes about this element; for each of these elements, an explanation consisting of just a few sentences or a brief paragraph would suffice.

(c) Describe just two or three ways in which you believe Barley's ethnography, "Technology as an Occasion for Structuring: Evidence from Observations of CT Scanners and the Social Order of Radiology Departments" (in Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume 31, 1986, pp. 78-108) could be improved.

3. (Sidi SBAI CHKIRID.) Please answer the following:

(a) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (p. 3): "One of the defining characteristics of ethnographic research is that the investigator goes into the field, instead of bringing the field to the investigator." Define ethnography in a few sentences or a brief paragraph, after you look though Schwartzman's book selectively for material to help you compose a definition.

(b) In her book Ethnography in Organizations, Helen B. Schwartzman writes (page 4): "In Chapter 5, I present some guidelines for the conduct of ethnography in organizations..." Chapter 5 identifies these elements in ethnographic research: (i) access, entry, and first encounters; (ii) roles and research; (iii) context analysis; (iv) observations and interviews (including ethnographic interviews); (v) analyzing events and routines; and (vi) hearing voices and representing them. For each one of these elements, explain what you believe to be the single most important point that Schwartzman makes about this element; for each of these elements, an explanation consisting of just a few sentences or a brief paragraph would suffice.

(c) Devote no more than a few sentences or a single brief paragraph to each of the following: What can ethnography tell us that experiments cannot? ...that positivist case studies cannot? ...that multivariate analysis and statistical hypothesis testing cannot? ...that explanatory surveys cannot? ...that secondary data analysis cannot? ...that interpretive case studies cannot? ...that hermeneutics cannot?